Intro to College Chemistry

*All matter is composed of some combination of elements.

Elements are something made purely of one substance.
These are shown on the periodic table.

Physicial Properties: These are characteristics that a substance shows without an outside substance interacting with it.
Physical Change: An alter of its physical form but not its composition.
(ex. ice > water, water > water vapor)

Chemical Properties: These are characteristics of a substance only shown with interaction with other substances.
Chemical Reaction: When the original substance is converted into another substance through chemical interaction.

The Three States of Matter
Gas:A substance that conforms to the shape of a container but also fills the whole container.(It does not form a surface)
Liquid:A substance that conforms to the shape of a container but does not occupy more than its volume.
Solid: A substance with a fixed shape that does not conform to the shape of a container around it.

Potential Energy: The energy an object has due to its position. (ex. water behind a damn has high potential energy.)

Kinetic Energy:The energy an object has due to movement (ex. A waterfall has a high kinetic energy when gravity acts on the water to fall.)

1) Alchemy:
What it is: Started in the 1st Century AD by the Greeks. Alchemists believed that materials found in nature naturally strive to become more perfect.

Benefits:
---Invention of devices used to distillate, percolate, and extract still used today.
---They also encouraged observation and experimentation.

2) Medicine:
What is it: In the 13th Century extracted roots, herbs and other plants were used medicinally. Later they introduced minerals drugs for treatments

Benefits:
---Created alliance between medicine and chemistry that exists today.

3) Technology:
What is it: Pottery, dyeing and Metallurgy contributed to understanding the properties of materials. They used introduced quantitative measurements to describe the materials and process for making the materials.

Benefits:
---Started asking questions about material properties.
---Started writing and calculating based on material properties.

What is the Scientific Method?
This is an guideline for conducting and testing a hypothesis in a objective, and verifiable way.

Step 1 Observation:
Observations are data collected through different means for use in a hypothesis testing. Often there is quantitative data that can be compared.

Step 2 Determine your Hypothesis:
Based on your observation you can now come up with an idea of what is happening or what will happen in an experiment.

Step 3 Experiment:
A clear set of steps that are used to test the hypothesis with experimentation. The hypothesis can be revised but the results of the experiment can not be changed.

Step 4 Model:
The formation of model or theory based on the findings of the experiment. These can be used to predict other experiments down the road and may be tested to calculate a need to revise the hypothesis. Even if something has been proven many many times it can always have a chance of being disproven through the scientific method.

These are the standard (SI Units) agreed upon units for each type of measurement in the scientific community.

measurement type ----------Unit name + Abbreviation
Mass-------------------------------- kilograms (kg)
Length------------------------------ meter (m)
Time-------------------------------- second (s)
Temp-------------------------------- kelvin (K)
E. Current--------------------------- ampere (A)
Amount of substance--------------- mole (mol)
Luminous Intensity----------------- candela (cd)

--Density= Mass/Volume

--Temp Conversion:
Celsius to Fahrenheit
(Temp in C)= 5/9((Temp in F)- 32)
Fahrenheit to Celsius
(Temp in F)= 9/5(Temp in C) + 32

--How to find # of Neutrons in an Atom
N= A -Z
n: # of neutrons
A: Mass #
Z: Atomic #

--How to find Molar Mass
MM =∑(atomic Masses)
MM: Molar Mass
∑: Sum