The Art of Collage

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Instructions on making one of your own collages and some pertinent background.

This lens will guide you in the art of making a collage. Even if you don't consider yourself an artist, stir up your creative juices and give this a whirl. This is not only a fabulous way to express yourself but can be a really neat tool for personal growth. Also background on this art form and how it relates to Dada and Surrealism. Like many other art mediums, collages were or became social statements.
<---SHOWN ON LEFT is a collage by German Dada and Surrealist artist, Kurt Schwitters, Das Undbild, 1919. Schwitters worked in multiple mediums including painting, sculpture and graphic design. He is most famous for his collages.

A collage (From the French: coller, to glue) is a work of formal art, primarily in the visual arts, made from an assemblage of different forms, thus creating a new whole. Use of this technique made its dramatic appearance among oil paintings in the early 20th century as an art form of groundbreaking novelty.
An artistic collage work may include newspaper and magazine clippings, ribbons, fabrics or other textiles, bits of colored or hand-made papers, portions of other artwork, photographs, and such, glued to a piece of paper or canvas.
Definition of collage from Wikipedia
Read more history...

What is a collage?

Definition of ....

col-lage [kuh-lahzh, koh-]
noun, verb, -laged, -laging.
-noun
1. a technique of composing a work of art by pasting on a single surface various materials not normally associated with one another, as newspaper clippings, parts of photographs, theater tickets, and fragments of an envelope.
2. a work of art produced by this technique. Compare assemblage (def. 3).
3. an assemblage or occurrence of diverse elements or fragments in unlikely or unexpected juxtaposition: The experimental play is a collage of sudden scene shifts, long monologues, musical interludes, and slapstick.
4. a film that presents a series of seemingly unrelated scenes or images or shifts from one scene or image to another suddenly and without transition.
-verb (used with object)
Origin:
1915-20; < F, equiv. to colle paste, glue (< Gk kólla) + -age -age
Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1)
Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006.

Collage as a personal growth tool

Self Discovery

Collage can be used as a pictorial journal to record your thoughts and ideas by adding pictures to emphasize key ideas. Can be used alone (after all it has been said that a picture is worth a thousand words) or as an enhancement to your writings.
Another great use is for creating a mandala. Use images alone or with geometric drawings to create a powerful personal mandala to use as a meditation and self discovery tool.

Mandala -noun
1. Oriental Art. a schematized representation of the cosmos, chiefly characterized by a concentric configuration of geometric shapes, each of which contains an image of a deity or an attribute of a deity.
2. (in Jungian psychology) a symbol representing the effort to reunify the self.
dictionary.com

A Family Project
Maybe your family is not as close as you would like or maybe you would just like more quality time together. A good project for a cold wintery day would be to spend a few hours together making a collage of a favorite family holiday or vacation. You'll have fun creating it together and then sharing it afterwards. Put on some favorite music and enjoy a cup of hot cocoa. You just might learn something new about each other and or maybe heal some old resentments!

Room With A View

One of my earlier collages rendered using the traditional method of cutting and pasting paper.

This is a collage that I made when I was in art school. It was a two part assignment. The first was to make a themed collage, using pictures/pieces and parts out of a magazine. My theme was a room (full of fun objects) with a view. The second part of the assignment was to divide the collage into a grid of 1 inch squares. Then we had to pick a group of several squares, I believe it was 12, and transfer an enlarged freehand version of the detailed area, grid by grid, onto a 20 x 30 piece of arches black drawing paper. The drawing had to be in colored pencil. It took me about 50 hours to finish it. I did get an A on the assignment. When I am able to access my portfolio, I will photograph the detail drawing and post on this lens so that you can see it.

ODE TO AUTUMN

THE FOUR SEASONS - PART ONE

This is my first collage in a new series titled "The Four Seasons". It is a mixed media collage, uploaded to and then created in Photoshop...to be continued.....

FREE FLOW

Photomontage, using mixed media including scanned fine art paper & photos and digitally rendered.

How to make a collage.

Step by step guide and list of materials.

Step 1) Pick a theme that you want your collage to be about.
Step 2) Gather old photos, images, letters and words from magazines, newspapers and old books (that you were thinking of giving away) photocopies, and copyright free images from the internet. *See Copyright Section below. You can also draw and or paint your your own.
Step 3) Gather textiles like ribbon and fabrics (rough fabrics with texture work well) that you have laying around. Of course you can buy new ones, but it is always better to be green and recycle. Also any kind of paper, including hand made papers and tissue paper can be used.
Step 4)
When you feel that you have gathered enough to complete your collage (you can always find more pieces/parts as you go along) if you think of something that would look good or add to your theme, do a preliminary layout.
Adjust and create as you go along, and take notes and sketch what goes where. If you don't want to be that methodical, just be intuitive and start gluing. Whatever way you work, let it be fun. If it isn't fun, why bother.
Step 5)
When the whole thing is complete and glued down and you are happy with the result, you can apply a coat of acrylic matte or gloss medium to protect your work of art and make it permanent.
Note: You can also use the acrylic medium instead of/as a glue, especially if you want to paint with acrylic as part of the collage. Allow ample drying time as you build your collage, especially if you want to do any layering.
Feel free to send me an email and ask me any questions you might have.
Contact Me

MATERIALS
Gathered items as mentioned above
Acid free glue or paste
Acrylic Matte or Gloss Medium
Acrylic Paint (Optional)
Acid free markers (Optional)
Pick something to build your collage on
Suggestions:
Poster Board
lllustration Board
Canvas
Masonite
Old Box, can be cardboard, old shoebox, wood or similar, if you want a 3 dimensional collage.
Exacto Knife and or Scissors
Note: Their are probably other materials that I may have forgot to mention. Just remember the possibilities are endless!

Photo Montage

Variation on Collage

One of my many photo montages (collaging primarily using the medium of photography and or digital imaging applications) which is a composite of photos, text and other elements of design. Today many photographers use an image editing program like Photoshop to get a seamless image which sometimes creates such an illusion of reality that you perceive it as a believable original photograph.
This is a digitally produced photo montage, created in photoshop using several layers. My goal was a surrealistic, fantasy kind of composition. This montage was also an ASSIGNMENT in a photoshop class that I took. The title of this piece is "Magick"

Ground Music

Digital collage with scanned paper, photos and illustrations

This is an example of a mixed media collage that was digitally rendered. It incorporates scanned fine art paper with edges that I deckled, photos and illustrations that I drew electronically. What is nice about mixing media is that you can do preliminary work with traditional methods and then digitize and finish with Illustrator, Painter, Photoshop or a combination of software.

"A Question of Balance"

Digitally created abstract collage

This was created from geometric shapes I created in photoshop and then assembled into this abstract geometric composition.

NATURAL GRAFITTI!

Grafitti and beyond

Painting on walls, real walls or virtual walls, it doesn't matter, add some additional elements and you have a collage. This is another example of a mixed media collage using torn paper and elements from 3 different digital photos. it is a fun way to express yourself! I had fun with this one and also used it as a Birthday Greeting!

Copyright

Legal Issues

When collage uses existing works, the result is what some copyright scholars call a derivative work. The collage has a copyright separate from any copyrights pertaining to the original incorporated works.
Due to redefined and reinterpreted copyright laws, and increased financial interests, some forms of collage art are significantly restricted. For example, in the area of sound collage (such as hip hop music), some court rulings effectively have eliminated the de minimis doctrine as a defense to copyright infringement, thus shifting collage practice away from non-permissive uses relying on fair use or de minimis protections, and toward licensing. [5] Examples of musical collage art that have run afoul of modern copyright are The Grey Album and Negativland's U2.
The copyright status of visual works is less troubled, although still ambiguous. For instance, some visual collage artists have argued that the first-sale doctrine protects their work. The first-sale doctrine prevents copyright holders from controlling consumptive uses after the "first sale" of their work. The de minimis doctrine and the fair use exception also provide important defenses against claimed copyright infringement. [6] The Second Circuit in October, 2006, held that artist Jeff Koons was not liable for copyright infringement because his incorporation of a photograph into a collage painting was fair use. [7]
Wikipedia

Suggestions: Use Copyright free clip art and any work that is in the public domain. If you have a photograph that was taken by a professional photographer, ask him or her for permission to use it (or part of it) in your collage. There is a gray area when you use a part of something to make something else, if it becomes unrecognizable in the new creation. I am looking for more info on this in my files. Of course many textile patterns & textures and decorative papers are copyright free.
With the popularity in scrapbooking there is probably information on copyright in 'Scrapbooking - How to...' books.
I will be adding more about copyright soon...I am very aware of this issue and have an ever expanding folder of information.
A good rule of thumb is the golden rule, if you wouldn't want others to steal your creations, don't steal theirs.
One of the principles of copyright is that the artist/creator has the right to earn revenues off of their work. An artist also has the right to decide if and how they will permit others to use it.

Collage Link List

I will be adding great Collage Resource links as I come across them.
Collage Museum
The official website of The International Museum of Collage, Assemblage and Construction.
Collage Art
A major list of lists on collage, run by collagist-extrodinaire Jonathan Talbot.

Books on the Art of Collage

Exploring collage techniques and more...

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Romare Bearden

The Calabash

'The Calabash', collage by Romare Bearden, 1970, Library of Congress
This is an example of taking cut paper elements and using them as a 'palette' to 'paint' a pictorial image.

Le Limacon de chambre. 1920.

Max Ernst

Tempera, goache, ink, pencil, collage on paper. Private Collection.

Juan Gris

Glass of Beer & Playing Cards

This is an interesting oil and paper collage by Juan Gris.
José Victoriano González-Pérez (March 23, 1887 - May 11, 1927), better known as Juan Gris, was a Spanish painter and sculptor who lived and worked in France most of his life. His works are closely connected to the emergence of an innovative artistic genre-Cubism, creating several of the movement's most distinctive works.[1]
ReadMore

Wikipedia
Description
English: Photograph of Glass of Beer and Playing Cards, 1913, oil papier colle on canvas by, en:Juan Gris in the public domain.
Date
2005-11-06 (original upload date)
Source
Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Melesse using CommonsHelper.
Author
Original uploader was Cactus.man at en.wikipedia

Permission
(Reusing this file)
PD-ART-LIFE-70.">

Hannah Hoch

A photomontage from "Cut With The Kitchen Knife"

Cut with the Dada Kitchen Knife through the Last Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany, 1919, collage of pasted papers, 90 x 144 cm, Staatliche Museen, Berlin.
DREAMCOLLAGE

Collage Artists

Some Well Known Modern Artists who do the art of collage.

Romare Bearden (see The Calabash) - Shown above
Georges Braque (see Violin and Candlestick) - Shown below
Jim Dine
Marcel Duchamp
Max Ernst (see Le Limacon de Chambre) - Shown above.
Juan Gris (See Glass of Beer & Playing Cards) - Shown above.
Hannah Hoch (see link to DreamCollage) - Shown Above
David Hockney
Kazimir Malevich
Henri Matisse (See Blue Nudes II) Shown Below.
Robert Motherwell
Pablo Picasso [See Below - Compotier avec fruits, violon et verre by Pablo Picasso (1912)]
Francis Picabia
Robert Rauschenberg
Man Ray
Kurt Schwitters

(In Progress) I'm adding an example of work of each artist, check back often.

Violin and Candlestick, 1910

Georges Braques

Collage/Painting by French Painter and Sculptor, Georges Braque, (1882-1963)
Braque co-developed the Cubism Movement with Pablo Picasso.
Violin and Candlestick is in the permanent collection at The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.

Pablo Picasso

Compotier avec fruits, violon et verre by Pablo Picasso (1912)

This piece by Picasso is an example of how he incorporated newspaper clippings into his work as described in the definition below.

A collage may include newspaper clippings, ribbons, bits of colored or hand-made papers, portions of other artwork, photographs and other found objects, glued to a piece of paper or canvas. The origins of collage can be traced back hundreds of years, but this technique made a dramatic reappearance in the early 20th century as an art form of novelty.
The term collage derives from the French "colle" meaning "glue".[1] This term was coined by both Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso in the beginning of the 20th century when collage became a distinctive part of modern art.[2]
Wikipedia

Henri Matisse

BLUE NUDE II

This is an example of Decoupage which is a type of Collage.

Decoupage
Henri Matisse, Blue Nude II, 1952, gouache découpée, Pompidou Centre, Paris
Main article: Decoupage
Decoupage is a type of collage usually defined as a craft. It is the process of placing a picture onto an object for decoration. Decoupage can involve adding multiple copies of the same image, cut and layered to add apparent depth. The picture is often coated with varnish or some other sealant for protection.
In the early part of the 20th century, decoupage, like many other art methods, began experimenting with a less realistic and more abstract style. 20th century artists who produced decoupage works include Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. Most famous are Matisse's Blue Nude II.
There are many varieties on the traditional technique involving purpose made 'glue' requiring fewer layers (often 5 or 20, depending on the amount of paper involved). Cutouts are also applied under glass or raised to give a three dimensional appearance according to the desire of the decouper. Currently decoupage is a popular handicraft.
The craft became known as découpage in France (from the verb découper, 'to cut out') as it attained great popularity during the 17th and 18th centuries. Many advanced techniques were developed during this time, and items could take up to a year to complete due to the many coats and sandings applied. Some famous or aristocratic practitioners included Marie Antoinette, Madame de Pompadour, and Beau Brummell. In fact the majority of decoupage enthusiasts attribute the beginning of decoupage to 17th century Venice. However it was known before this time in Asia.
The most likely origin of decoupage is thought to be East Siberian tomb art. Nomadic tribes would use cut out felts to decorate the tombs of their deceased. From Siberia, the practice came to China, and by the 12th century, cut out paper was being used to decorate lanterns, windows, boxes and other objects. In the 17th century, Italy, especially in Venice, was at the forefront of trade with the Far East and it is generally thought that it is through these trade links that the cut out paper decorations made their way into Europe.
Wikipedia, The Art of Collage.

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fotolady49

Hello world. I am Terri 'Zamiska' Harper. The medium of photography has been my main vehicle of expression over the years. I have explored black and white... more »

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