This guide will take you by the hand and lead through the history of automobile manufacturing clear through detailed information about hybrid. How and why they work and what you can expect.

You'll also find:

Hybrid Electric vehicles - Learn about the concept of electric hybrids.

Electric Propulsion Systems - Not to be confused with electric hybrids, there is a difference and we'll show you what it is.

Fuel Cells - Discover how they figure in to the alternative energy sources.

If you've wondered just what kind of magic it takes to increase fuel efficiency, it really isn't that mysterious, just different. How it's done is explained in an easy to read and understand format.

Click here for a great range of hybrid vehicles, or click here to read our hybrid vehicles blog

People may be surprised to know that the idea of electric and hybrid vehicles have been present even before the gasoline engine was invented. A lot of people with their brilliant ideas revolutionized modern transportation as it is today. With the rise of health-threatening pollutants, new age electric and hybrid vehicles are truly becoming a reality.

When Electric Cars Ruled the World

Robert Anderson from Scotland created the first electric carriage during the 1830s. Professor Stratingh of Groningen from Holland designed a simple electric car. Christopher Becker was Stratingh's assistant who built the model in 1835. In 1842, Thomas Davenport from the United States and Robert Davidson from Scotland built more advanced electric vehicles with the use of non-rechargeable electric cells. Gaston Plante from France improved the storage battery and created a better model in 1865. Sixteen years later, Camille Faure continued to improve the storage battery.

During the late 1800s, several European nations like Great Britain and France began the spread of electric vehicles while constantly innovating for better design and performance. Electric cars did not need gear changes. The United States followed with the creation of electric tricycles. At the turn of the century, electric cars were selling better compared to their gasoline engine counterparts due to less vibration, noise and pollutants. In 1916, Woods invented the first hybrid consisting of an electric motor and combustion engine.

The cost of electric vehicles was somewhat expensive so only the people belonging in the upper class were able to afford them. Prices would reach $2,000 to $3,000 depending on the interior and materials used. Production peak for electric vehicles were from 1910 to 1912. During the 1920s, road systems were significantly improved so people needed vehicles that traveled farther than electric cars.

The price of gasoline also decreased making it more affordable for everyone. Charles Kettering invented the electric starter for gasoline cars taking away the tedious hand crank. Henry Ford and his idea of mass production at lower costs continued to reduce the popularity of electric cars. Gasoline cars at this point were only about one-third the price of an electric vehicle.

Decline and Regrowth

From 1935 to 1960, electric vehicles were slowly fading from the scene. However, people began looking for alternative fueled vehicles in order to solve problems on pollution and the growing price of gasoline. More practical models of electric vehicles were proposed.

A number of actions were also imposed in the United States and across the globe to exert effort in improving electric vehicles. Some great works were the U.S. 1990 Clean Air Act Amendment as well as the U.S. 1992 Energy Policy Act. Other states required vehicles to have zero emission. Some of the largest automobile manufacturers as well as the U.S. Department of Energy collaborated to start making hybrids. Mileage, speed and performance were greatly enhanced in these newer models.

Recent electric and hybrid models are able to generate energy through special energy-converting systems. Hybrid models had special dual engines running on both gasoline and electricity which helped conserve a lot of fuel aside from being environmentally friendly. Sedans, SUVs and trucks were quickly built using the newly discovered technology. The method of running on electricity had various approaches but the main idea of being conservative and green was present in all models.

Hybrids: The Pollution Solution

Gasoline engines were proven to be reliable and powerful. However, the constant burning of gasoline released a variety of harmful gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide. These are also known as greenhouse gases which trap heat in the atmosphere instead of allowing it to go out into space. The result would be global warming wherein surface air temperatures and sub-surface temperatures in the ocean would rise.

Although there are also natural causes to global warming, vehicle emission significantly multiplies the rate spurring the creation of alternative fuel sources. Electric and hybrid vehicles have shown to be very promising in reducing the greenhouse effect. Pollution will be minimized greatly if more people will start relying on these newer models which do not emit any harmful gas at all. These vehicles are also very economical since there is no longer a need for crude oil which is constantly growing in price.

Click here for a great range of hybrid vehicles, or click here to read our hybrid vehicles blog

Different Types of Vehicles

Do you know how many types of vehicles there are in all? Since the creation of the first crude automobile, several models and types have been created to suit the needs of people. These were developed in order to provide a safe, efficient and economical means of transportation. Some are built for luxury, others for practicality and some for environmental purposes.

Cruder Forms

Vehicles were first made thousands of years ago. The earliest forms of vehicles were actually living things like horses, elephants and camels. With the invention of the wheel around 3000 B.C., chariots, carts and horse-drawn carriages came into existence. The wheel has certainly paved the way for modern transportation as it is still very much present today.

Cycles were created around the 19th century which comes in many forms. Bicycles are one of the most common types of vehicles available today. There are also tricycles, quadricycles and unicycles. These vehicles mainly use a chain that goes around the wheels for propulsion. Cycling is a very important action in order to keep the transportation balanced. Later on, motorcycles were invented which incorporated a motor engine instead of manual pedals.

Origin of Alternate Fuel Sources

Electric vehicles or EVs were invented in the 1830's which uses one or more electric motors. The rotary or linear motors propel the vehicle through the wheels. Linear motors are used by tracked vehicles such as trains and MRTs. There are several sources of energy used to move the vehicle like an on-board RESS (rechargeable energy storage system), batteries, on-board super capacitors and direct connection to energy-generating plants. Fuel cells and nuclear energy have also shown to be very viable in propelling vehicles.

Steam engines are another alternate fuel source which uses an external combustion engine or ECE. ECEs are less efficient compared to ICEs but proper configurations can be made for the fuel burner in order to emit very low amounts of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and other harmful gases making it environmentally friendly in the process. Steam cars do have a problem when starting from cold leading to the development of flash boilers.

The Automobile

Automobiles are the most common type of vehicle. The majority of automobiles today are powered by gasoline or diesel engines. Automobiles use an internal combustion engine or ICE which can be highly polluting due to the constant burning of harmful gases. This type of vehicle has shown to be very powerful, convenient and aesthetic as well making it the most popular of all time.

Gasoline engine vehicles are lighter and able to work at optimum rotational speeds. The invention of the electric starter has boosted its popularity beating steam and electric cars in the process. Carburetor and fuel injection are some of the most useful discoveries in enhancing automobile performance.

There are various innovations in the engine allowing exhaust gases to be less harmful. Others combine efforts to minimize the greenhouse effect by reducing emissions to zero. Gasoline engines are capable of running with different ethanol concentrations. Some may run on 15%, 85% or even 100% ethanol. Fuel burn efficiency of gasoline engine vehicles are around 27%.

Diesel engine vehicles are more cost-effective compared to gasoline engine ones because of their 50% fuel burn efficiency. However, power and performance is also compromised due to less concentration of fuel. Diesel also releases exhaust gases into the atmosphere from soot particles. 100% biodiesel has been developed to improve the downside of these vehicles. And, with fuel prices increasing diesel is catching up quickly to gasoline as far as cost is concerned.

Other Transports

A train is a series of vehicles moving along a guided track or rail. A separate locomotive provides power to propel the entire train. Diesel or electricity is the usual energy source of trains while older versions were dominantly powered by steam engines. There are special kinds of trains with special tracks like rubber-tired underground, high-speed and monorails. Some trains can have more than one locomotive or coach.

A road train has a prime mover pulling one or more trailers. Trucks are the simpler version of this. Since the weight and maneuverability are a challenge, these vehicles often require several wheels for more control. Speed should also be watched meticulously to make travel as safe as possible. Diesel engines usually power big heavy trucks and road trains for fuel efficiency and power.

Other unique types of vehicles are amphibious vehicles and snowmobiles. Amphibians can run on both land and water making them very versatile. There are amphibious bicycles, cars, trucks and ATVs developed for passenger and official use.

The advantages provided by amphibians made them very useful for military operations. Snowmobiles are propelled by a built-in track made of Kevlar composite or rubber in order to effectively move through snow. These are also powered by a motor engine that consumes gas for fuel. Tanks use the same mechanism as snowmobiles by running on steel tracks.

Click here for a great range of hybrid vehicles, or click here to read our hybrid vehicles blog

The Internal Combustion Engine

The engines in vehicles is a rather broad but interesting subject. People may be amazed to know that the ones currently in use today were drawn on several hundreds of blueprints before they were distributed to the market. The present models are the result of over a century worth of brainstorming and experience and will further influence the models of the future.

What is the ICE?

ICE stands for internal combustion engine wherein the combustion of fuel and an oxidizer occurs. The combustion chamber is the space where everything happens causing an exothermic reaction that produces gas at a high pressure and temperature. The expanding hot gases will directly put pressure on solid engine parts causing them to move. Pistons, rotors or the engine itself then begins movement which propels the entire vehicle.

The very first models of the ICE ran on an air/fuel mixture rather than compression. The initial part of the intake stroke sucks or blows in the mixture. Modern ICEs already incorporates in-cylinder compression. The engines were used in a variety of methods and industries like generators, boats, aircrafts and most particularly, automobiles.

The Operation

The internal combustion engine operates using a four-stroke cycle or the Otto cycle. The cycle involves four phases namely: induction, compression, power and exhaust. All of these aim to create an exothermic chemical process to start vehicle propulsion. During induction, oxygen or other oxidizers are introduced into the cylinder to act with the fuel. Compression then begins as the gases start a reaction that continuously increase temperature and pressure within the cylinder.

When enough pressure is applied on the corresponding engine parts, the engine begins to gain power through movement coming from direct force application. The aftermath of the entire compression process will lead to exhaustion of byproducts like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen wastes. These gases are freely emitted into the atmosphere. The combustion process is started through engine ignition using the spark ignition method or the compression ignition system.

Where Does Gasoline Come In?

There are electric/gasoline-type systems that use a combination of lead-acid battery plus an induction coil to create a high-voltage electrical spark. The spark will then ignite the mix of air and fuel within the cylinder. The battery is rechargeable even during operation through an alternator or generator driven by the engine itself. Gasoline engines get an air and gasoline mixture to be compressed to less than 185 psi. The spark plug ignites the mixture during compression within the cylinder.

As for diesel engines, these require only heat and pressure produced by the engine during the compression process for ignition. Diesel compression is approximately three times higher compared to a gasoline engine. Diesel engines use air only. Some diesel fuel is sprayed into the cylinder with the use of a fuel injector just before peak compression to start ignition immediately. HCCI engines also require only heat and pressure but take in air and fuel. This process makes diesel and HCCI engines more prone to cold starts.

The Polluting Effects

Combustion products or the hot gases ignited and burnt inside the engine will have higher amounts of energy compared to the compressed fuel and air mixture. After available energy are used up to drive the engine pistons, remaining combustion products will be vented or exhausted through a valve or the exhaust outlet to bring back the piston in its original state also called TDC. Any heat which is not used up will become a waste product due to be removed from the engine via a liquid or air cooling system.

Air pollution emissions then result from incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuel. Examples of engine byproducts are carbon monoxide, soot, nitrogen wastes, sulfur and uncombusted hydrocarbons. These also result if the products did not operate near the stoichiometric ratio required for effective combustion. The fuel would not have burnt very well due to factors like cool cylinder walls or lack of air. This is also known as quenching of the flame.

Both gasoline and diesel engines emit harmful gases that can be dangerous to humans as well as the environment. The greenhouse gases start trapping hot air within the atmosphere instead of allowing them to exit to space leading to global warming. The rise of the ICE or internal combustion engine finally showed its major flaw which is pollution.

Click here for a great range of hybrid vehicles, or click here to read our hybrid vehicles blog

What is a Hybrid Vehicle?

Hybrid vehicles are quickly growing in popularity due to various advantages. People have been looking for ways to help minimize costs and pollution and hybrids have shown to be quite promising in the days to come. There are a few guidelines to be considered to fully describe a hybrid vehicle including its early development and modern innovations.

A Brief Description

A hybrid vehicle or HV is a means of transportation using two or more different sources of power for propulsion. With the known available power sources like electricity, gasoline and the like, hybrid vehicles incorporates a combination of these with the intent of becoming more cost-effective, convenient and ecological. Examples of other power sources would be air and internal combustion engines, fuel cells, battery storage systems and even manual propulsion.

Mopeds and electric bicycles are some of the earliest forms of hybrid incorporating both manual propulsion and electric power or internal combustion engine to successfully run. The model incorporated a series hybrid bicycle as well, which leads to generator power after the pedals have been manually rotated. The result would be electricity providing enough power to a motor without the need of chains that traditional bicycles have.

There are also hybrid vehicles in bigger forms like power trains using a combination of diesel, electric or hydraulic motor. Heat engines will start to power electric generators or a hydraulic pump in order to support multiple electric or hydraulic motors.

The use of wires and pipes are also more efficient since it saves more energy compared to several mechanical elements needing more powerful sources for energy. Electric trains have evolved with the discovery of dual modes which shift between diesel and electric power as well as dual voltage capabilities so that the train can run on various rail systems.

Drive train Variations

Parallel hybrid systems are the most common available today which combines an internal combustion engine or ICE and an electric motor that connects to a mechanical transmission. Some designs use a motor and an electrical generator in a single unit. A battery pack with high voltage is used to store energy and power. The two power sources are mechanically coupled. Parallel hybrids can be described according to the balance of various parts in producing power for movement. Usually, the ICE is more dominant while the electric runs after some assistance.

Series hybrids are also called REEV or Range-Extended Electric Vehicles which have a design more reminiscent to a BEV or battery electric vehicle. The combustion engine powers an electric generator in a series hybrid system rather than the wheels. The generator powers an electric motor while also charging the battery.

High amounts of power cause the motor to get electricity from the batteries and generator. There is no mechanical connection between the wheels and the combustion engine, making it run more efficiently. However, the power coming from the engine needs to run through the electric motor and generator first making it less efficient on long trips.

Combined hybrid vehicles incorporate both the traits of parallel and series hybrids. Power-split devices are used in order to create a link between the engine and the wheels mechanically or electrically. The main feature is the decoupling of the power provided by the engine or other sources from the power required by the driver.

Hybridization Categories

A full hybrid vehicle is one that can run on solely the engine, batteries or a mix of both. Some cars can be propelled solely through battery power which then uses the gasoline engine when running at higher speeds or greater distances.

There is a split power path wherein mechanical and electrical power can be interconverted through a connection between the engine and motor. There may be various modes at which the hybrid engine is running or gaining power from such as cruise mode, electric vehicle mode, battery mode, power boost mode and negative split mode.

A mild hybrid vehicle has large starter motors so that the engine immediately shuts down whenever the vehicle is braking, at a full stop or coasting. Restart is also relatively easy while accessories can still run with the engine off through electrical power. The large motor starts the engine allowing it to run at operational speeds before any fuel injection occurs.

Other types are power assist hybrid and plug-in hybrid. Power assist hybrids primarily use the engine while incorporating an electric motor for further assistance. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles or PHEV can be simply plugged into an outlet for recharging. The amount of energy stored determines the distance and performance capacity of the vehicle.

Click here for a great range of hybrid vehicles, or click here to read our hybrid vehicles blog

Why Do We Need Hybrid Vehicles?

Hybrid vehicles are beginning to grow more and more in number due to the demand for alternate fuel. The greenhouse effect has also spurred manufacturers to develop and improve designs to make them safer to people as well as the environment. Although gasoline engines may comprise the majority at present, hybrids may be needed more in the days to come.

Gasoline Engine Consequences

Gasoline engines have proven to be quite convenient and well-performing throughout the years. Up to now, technology or fuel that can match its power may still be undiscovered or too expensive for regular individuals to use on a day-to-day basis. However, gasoline engines have showed to be quite potent in polluting the environment due to emissions.

Emissions or tailpipe emissions refer to the dangerous gases released after gasoline is burnt during combustion. Examples of the harmful gases released into the atmosphere are carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. These gases can be very detrimental to the health of many causing a variety of respiratory and systemic problems.

They are also known as greenhouse gases for producing the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect occurs when the gases continue to accumulate and trap heat in the atmosphere. Heat is supposed to freely move out into space but the congestion of greenhouse gases instead trap it inside the earths atmosphere which leads to global warming. Surface air temperatures as well as sub-surface ocean temperatures begin to rise which can also be detrimental to the people and environment.

Crude oil is the raw material required in order to produce gasoline that fuels traditional engines. However, it is also beginning to become rarer as sources are being depleted by users from all over the world. The top countries that produce crude oil are expected to go through an all-time low in the next decade which explains why oil prices are constantly inflating.

Some gasoline-powered vehicles are also very expensive to maintain due to very high gas consumption or low mileage. In the next few years, people may not be able to afford more than one or any gasoline engine vehicle at all.

What Do Hybrids Offer?

Primarily, hybrids are much more efficient and energy-conserving since these run on alternate fuel sources. Hybrids do not require much gasoline or do not run on gasoline at all depending on the type and model. People then get more which can truly help the economy.

According to research by the U.S. Energy Department, hybrids in the United States alone can reduce demand for oil by as much as 11 million barrels everyday in the next three decades. Hybrids truly define cost-effectiveness although people may have to sacrifice performance and style for efficiency.

The environmental benefits of hybrid cars are also its main highlight. Hybrid vehicles have very low emissions and use of energy reducing the greenhouse effect significantly. The vehicles run on a variety of alternate fuel sources depending on the type such as electricity, fuel cell and hydrogen. Energy can be recaptured or stored when braking, slowing down or coasting. The term is also called regenerative braking.

The battery storage capacity is larger making it easy to store energy for future use. Although some models still partly rely on gasoline or diesel engine, there are mechanisms wherein the engine immediately stops or shuts down while idling or coasting to save more gas and energy. Since hybrids change fuel sources depending on the speed and distance covered by the vehicle, there will be fewer opportunities for combustion byproducts to be released into the atmosphere. Emission will be kept minimal or at a zero level.

Other Benefits of Hybrid Vehicles

Appearance may not be the best trait of most hybrids, they are cheaper without compromising quality or performance. The alternate fuel sources are also easy to maintain so users then save more in the process of owning one. There are tax breaks provided for buyers since the government is enticing the majority to start investing in environmentally friendly vehicles.

Performance is very satisfactory and hybrids are quieter and cleaner. There are also special parking spaces provided by the government. Comparing the gas consumption of a hybrid vehicle and a gasoline engine one will truly show the difference in economy and efficiency.

Click here for a great range of hybrid vehicles, or click here to read our hybrid vehicles blog

What is the History of Hybrid Vehicles?

Many people think that hybrids are a new technology thought of only in the 1990s. You may be surprised to know that the idea of creating hybrid vehicles stemmed as long ago as the time of Leonardo da Vinci. Electric vehicles were in existence before gasoline engines found their way on public roads. Here is a quick look on the history of hybrid vehicles.

The Early Centuries

Leonardo da Vinci first thought of flying machines incorporating airfoils and engines although it was only around 400 years later when it was realized by the Wright brothers.

In 1665, Ferdinand Verbiest planned a four-wheeled vehicle that could run on steam or have a horse pull it. Verbiest continued to work on this initial hybrid model for 15 years. In 1769, Nicholas Cugnot created a steam-powered carriage able to run at a maximum of 6 mph. Long distance travel was not viable for the Frenchman's hybrid project.

In 1839, Robert Anderson designed an electric-powered car. It was well-functioning but had flaws like short distance coverage as well as a battery power that still needs improvement in terms of recharging. In 1870, Sir David Solomon invented a lighter motor for a carriage but the battery power was still very difficult to recharge.

During the 1880s, London investors were eyeing on creating an electric taxicab which would have a 28-cell battery system that drives a small electric motor. The initial plans did not go too far but helped develop the 40-cell battery and 3-horsepower electric motor that taxicabs had in 1897.

The vehicles were called Bersey Cabs after Walter Bersey, their inventor. The battery power was significantly improved as well so the vehicles could run up to fifty miles before needing to be recharged. A year later, Porsche created the very first internal combustion and electric hybrid engine. On battery power alone, the Loner Electric Chaise could go forty miles.

The 20th Century

Pieper from Belgium created a gas and electric hybrid which has a 3.5 horsepower motor connected to an electric motor. The engine was located under the seat. The electric motor supports the gas engine when trying to move up steep inclines. In 1905, Piper from the United States received a patent for a design reminiscent to that of Pieper.

In 1910, the company, Commercial Built Trucks produced a four-cylinder gas engine powered by a generator. The invention proved to be better so battery packs and transmission were no longer needed. Hybrid cars reached their peak in 1912, outselling gasoline engine vehicles at a ratio of 2:1. However, the 1920s proved to be a difficult time as Henry Ford introduced mass production of gasoline engines. Prices of gasoline-powered vehicles were at an all-time low spurring people to invest. Electric and hybrid vehicles went through over a 50-year hiatus.

In 1969, hybrid vehicles again found their way into the limelight as combustion engines showed environmental and economic flaws. General Motors designed a car that ran solely on electric power at 10 mph. From 10 to 13 mph, the car travels on both gas combustion and electric power. Above 13 mph, the gas engine fully takes over. In 1973, Volkswagen created the hybrid Taxi which could efficiently switch back and forth between a gas engine and an electric motor. In 1975, American Motors developed electric-powered vans that unfortunately were not very successful.

In 1979, Dave Arthur's improved on the hybrid model and created a mix by using a 6-hp lawn mower engine, several six-volt batteries and a 400-amp electric motor. The hybrid was able to have gas mileage of 75 mpg. In 1989, Audio created the Audi Duo using a 12.6-hp electric engine backed up by a nickel cadmium battery. The front wheels of the Audi Duo were powered by a 2.3-liter 5-cylinder gasoline engine while the rear wheels were powered by the electric motor.

Dawn of a New Era

In 1997, the Toyota Prius was released to the market and was the first important mass marketed hybrid vehicle all over the globe. The Prius was initially marketed in Japan and sold around 18,000 in the first year alone. In 1999, the Honda Insight surfaced featuring a lightweight two-door design. It had a gas mileage of 61 mpg in the city and 70 mpg on the highway.

In 2000, the Toyota Prius entered the United States which was the very first four-door sedan hybrid in the country. In 2002, the Honda Civic Hybrid arrived featuring similar appearance and drive capabilities as its conventional counterpart.

In 2004, the Toyota Prius II was created and embraced by the American market with open arms requiring maximum production. The Ford Escape Hybrid emerged in the same year which is the very first SUV hybrid. More and more companies are joining in due to the relative advantages and demand. It is only a matter of time before hybrids will dominate the scene just like they did one hundred years ago.

Click here for a great range of hybrid vehicles, or click here to read our hybrid vehicles blog

Electric Hybrid Vehicles

Hybrid electric vehicles are means of transportation that incorporate the use of an electric system in the main engine. Since gasoline engines have caused a variety of environmental pollutants, people are now starting to rely on electric power which has zero emission and are more fuel efficient. Here is an overview about hybrid electric vehicles.

What is a Hybrid Electric Vehicle?

A hybrid electric vehicle or HEV is a vehicle that is a combination of a rechargeable energy storage system or RESS and a traditional propulsion system. It saves more fuel and also covers more distance compared to battery electric vehicles since charging is done through a variety of methods instead of a lone external source. The propulsion power systems of various hybrid electric engines may be composed of the same parts or subsystems.

Usual hybrid electric models have an ICE or internal combustion engine as well as electric batteries that support the main electric motors. The mechanisms of the HEV have improved significantly with the discovery of regenerative braking wherein kinetic energy can be stored. Fuel is conserved and emission is minimized as much as possible. Drivers get to cover longer ranges as well without worrying about speed and performance.

The combustion engine too can generate electric power through a spinning electrical generator. The energy either provides power directly to the motor or recharges the battery. The internal combustion engine automatically shuts down when idling but immediately restarts as necessary. The engine is also considerably smaller which is more efficient.

Do HEVs Still Use Gas and Diesel?

Gasoline engines will most likely remain in the hybrid vehicle scene for years to come since it generates power like no other discovered or affordable material can. Petroleum gasoline is considered as the main fuel source but can be mixed with different concentrations of ethanol from other energy sources. HEVs use up around 15% bioethanol like other internal combustion engines but manufacturers are currently finding ways to improve ratios for increased fuel efficiency and decreased emission.

There are diesel electric engines wherein a diesel engine is mainly used to provide power. Diesel can prove to be more efficient than gasoline although speed and noise may not be its best features. Diesel can be better-performing and can provide power for long periods of time without wearing much.

Gas mileage is also better due to its high torque while using biodiesel. The need for petroleum is minimized depending on the type used. Although diesel is usually known to drive larger vehicles like trucks, SUVs and vans, hybrid diesel-electric vehicles have also appeared in smaller versions like sedans and other passenger cars.

Hybrid Electric Vehicle Types

Hybrid diesel-electric motorcycles have been created with a top speed of around 800 mph with a very affordable retail price of $500. Several known automobile manufacturers have also joined the bandwagon like Honda, Ford, General Motors, Mazda, Nissan and Toyota. These big names are currently innovating to continuously provide well-performing vehicles with all the advantages.

HEVs have been very specific in being made available for future taxicab models. Since these vehicles are usually on the go all day long, fuel and emission can be improved through automatic engine shutdown, regenerative braking and idling. There are plug-in models in which taxicabs can conveniently recharge batteries at designated stands throughout the city. Plug-in hybrid electric models are also available in the form of sedans and mini-cars.

Hybrid-electric buses and trucks are also circulating due to the many advantages offered. The diesel engine is smaller which means that it is more efficient. There is also a 1.9-liter diesel engine instead of the 7.0, emitting less harmful gases. Emission reduction has been reported to be around 30% while fuel efficiency is around 40%. Some hybrid-electric buses have gas turbine generators. More efforts are exerted to convert other means of transportation like trains.

Several other types of HEVs are available today and are being used in various projects. The military uses diesel-electric hybrid trucks which has a fuel cell auxiliary power and diesel electric unit. The United States Army began using hybrid electric drives for all vehicle systems and subsystems. Other notable trucks have also found their purpose in commercial sectors, scientific projects and mining endeavors.

Click here for a great range of hybrid vehicles, or click here to read our hybrid vehicles blog

Electric Propulsion Systems

Hybrids are planning to use electric propulsion systems which prove to be very efficient and also environmentally friendly. There may be various approaches and methods in order to accomplish movement using electric power but the main idea is still the same. These systems are already working and will further help develop alternate fuel.

What is Electric Propulsion?

Electric propulsion is the acceleration of gases in order to produce propulsive thrust through electric and magnetic body forces, electric body forces or electric heating. The electric propulsion system is usually incorporated in rocket science wherein it manages energy enough to produce a powerful thrust. An electric propulsion system is an alternative to nuclear propulsion system. The total thrust is less powerful compared to a nuclear rocket but still enough to produce effects.

According to a number of studies, any engine used as a primary source of such powerful propulsion must produce exhaust velocities of around 10 to 20 km/s. There are also storable chemical systems used in rockets with an exhaust velocity of around 5 km/s but overall is less efficient.

Propulsion systems that do not require energy through chemical reactions are still needed. There are electric propulsion thrusters able to produce exhaust velocities of around 10 to 20 km/s which increases payload and reduces propellant mass. The consequences however, are less powerful thrusters consuming larger quantities of power.

The 3 Categories of Electric Propulsion

Electro thermal propulsion is when the propellant is electrically heated then isentropically expanded through a C/D or convergent/divergent nozzle. The system works as electrical energy heats propellants that produce gases as a result. The gases are sent through the C/D nozzle creating thrust. Catalyzed hydrazine or another neutral gas is used in thrusters like arc jets and resistojets.

Arc jets can also be used to heat the propellants via an electrical arc discharge. The arc in the arc jet is a beam of electrons produced from the cathode tip then gathers at the anode. Since an arc jet has a cathode and an anode, a constrictor is also present which is a narrow pathway between the two charges.

Electrostatic thrusters are also called ion thrusters. These use an ionized propellant accelerated through electric fields applied directly like gridded ion thrusters and Hall thrusters. The technique of propulsion is also known as ion propulsion technique since ions are mainly used in the process. Electrostatic energy is used to produce propulsion.

The electrons from an atom are stripped off then converted to ions. The ions are accelerated by electrical forces to high temperature without needing thermal energy producing thrust. The atoms after losing electrons become positively charged.

Electromagnetic thrusters produce thrust using electric and magnetic forces that interact with charged plasmas like ions and electrons. An example of these is the magnetoplasmadynamic thruster or MPD. The system heats the propellant to a plasma state before being accelerated. A large current is passed by electromagnetic forces through gas in order to ionize the propellant. Plasma is the ionized propellant which is then accelerated by Lorentz force, an electromagnetic force producing thrust.

Affect on Fuel

Decoupling engine speed and power output from the propeller will provide the opportunity to improve propeller efficiency. Since electric forces and electromagnetic forces kick in for support, gasoline and diesel propulsion systems in vehicles will decrease the chances of wasting a huge part of power and energy.

The chances of engine overload are eliminated resulting to better fuel economy and better gas mileage. In addition, there is higher efficiency over longer distances and various speeds and loads.

A study conducted to check how much electric propulsion systems can help diesel and gasoline engines showed that at least 10% fuel savings is achieved by simply allowing the engine to move along with the load reducing inefficiencies due to low load with high speed. Larger propellers can also save as much as 7% of fuel compared to traditional models.

With the total load split between multiple generators, as much as 20% of fuel can be saved plus another 13% by matching the power produced by the engine to the power required by the propeller. A variable-speed generator will help accomplish this. Overall, 30% to 50% can be saved compared to a very efficient diesel-electric or gasoline-electric system.

Click here for a great range of hybrid vehicles, or click here to read our hybrid vehicles blog

Electric Hybrid Vehicles and Battery Storage

How are battery storage and electric hybrid vehicles related? Does battery storage prove to be truly efficient in the long run in terms of performance and energy? Batteries have been modeled and developed for over a century in order to produce vehicles that will be able to deliver and suit peoples needs. Here is an overview on the developments and innovations.

About Batteries

A rechargeable battery or storage battery is composed of two or more secondary cells. Through electrical energy, the batteries can be fully charged again. The cells are electrochemical with a reversible electrochemical reaction that releases energy. Rechargeable electrochemical cells are an accumulator type using various chemicals and coming in various designs. The primary benefit of rechargeable batteries is economical since people can use and reuse energy.

At present, all batteries have lower energy density compared to liquid fuels. Liquid fuels are four times more expensive in terms of energy compared to electricity. An average vehicle able to travel around 125 miles daily can have energy stored in a battery pack more affordable than earlier types.

Affordable batteries are now ideal for medium-range electric vehicles. Another major benefit of batteries is good environmental effect since construction, use and recycling methods are much better compared to gasoline. Charging and using batteries causes emission of natural elements like oxygen, hydrogen and sulfur.

Fuel cells are convenient but are very sensitive to contamination. These also require external reactants like hydrogen and have lower power density and energy compared to petroleum fuel. At present, pure electric hybrid vehicles are still limited in terms of application. Developments in lithium-based batteries are paving the way to full-sized electric vehicles able to travel as far as conventional vehicles. A single charge may be able to go as far as a single tank of gasoline allows. Lithium batteries are also cheaper to manufacture and can last longer than conventional vehicles. Recharging has been improved as well from hours to minutes.

Storing Energy

A RESS or rechargeable energy storage system stores energy in order to provide electric energy. It is also rechargeable comprised of electric batteries or ultra capacitors. Stored chemical energy in rechargeable battery packs or systems are used by electric vehicles instead of conventional internal combustion engines or ICEs.

Hybrid electric vehicles can be externally charged in order to displace ICE power as well as gasoline fuel. External charging is done by plug-in hybrid electric vehicles or PHEVs. The energy is then stored in the battery pack or system to be used later on with limited range and power.

There are various mechanisms incorporated in hybrid electric vehicles in order to store energy in batteries. One common example is regenerative braking wherein the electric engine automatically stores and saves energy when the vehicle is idling, coasting or slowing down.

The engine can conveniently switch to and from two engines depending on power required by the driver. Using one fuel source will spur the other engine to store energy in the batteries. There are also hybrid electric vehicles that automatically shut down when at a full stop which further improves battery storage. As a result, vehicles will be able to travel for longer periods of time, cover longer distances as well as save more fuel.

Battery Storage Processes

The electric engine in HEVs or hybrid electric vehicles should normally recharge and store energy when gasoline is currently being used as fuel. There are many more recharging methods for battery storage like using off-peak energy from excess on-peak electric power. Through electronic control, the electric motor can be decoupled from the battery. Ultra capacitors can then supply small power demands and regenerative braking energy.

New cell types have also been developed with improvements in cell management able to fix regenerative braking and small power demands. Cell configuration and maintenance are done during cell management. New technology now allows configuration and maintenance of one cell at a time even when all others are being used.

Pure BEVs or battery electric vehicles required charging stations with recent developments that caused charging periods to last only for minutes at a time. Charging power can be provided through electric coupling in two approaches. One is conductive coupling which has direct electrical connection to the batteries while the second is inductive charging which uses a paddle. The paddle is inserted into a car slot completing a magnetic circuit that gives power to the battery pack.

Click here for a great range of hybrid vehicles, or click here to read our hybrid vehicles blog

Fuel Cells

Fuel cells have been discovered to be quite effective in delivering energy to power modern vehicles. There are a number of questions raised as well on the true efficacy of these and people are wondering if the performance can really make up for the cost. Here is a brief overview of fuel cells and how they may influence vehicles in the future.

What is a Fuel Cell?

A fuel cell is a device that converts electrochemical energy. From different external amounts of fuel on the anode part and oxidant from the cathode side, electricity can be generated which responds to electrolytes.

The electrolyte typically stays in the cell while the reactants move in and reaction products move out. As long as the required movements are maintained, fuel cells can operate nonstop. Parallel or series circuits are made through combinations of fuel cells in order to produce higher energy and voltage. The design is called a fuel cell stack.

Unlike batteries which chemically store electrical energy in a closed system, fuel cells consume reactants that need to be replenished. The electrodes in batteries react and change during charging or discharging but fuel cell electrodes are more stable and catalytic. It is possible to have various combinations of fuel and oxidant like hydrogen oxygen, hydrocarbons, air and alcohols.

Fuel cells work by catalysis wherein the component electrons and protons of the reactant fuel are separated. The electrons are forced to move through a circuit which then converts into electrical power. A platinum group metal or alloy composes a catalyst and a process ensues getting the electrons back in to mix with the protons and the oxidant. Waste products are the end result which comes in the form of carbon dioxide, water and other simple compounds.

In a PEMFC or proton exchange membrane fuel cell design, the electrolyte divides the anode and cathode sides. Hydrogen diffuses to the anode catalyst on the anode side which later on dissociates into electrons and protons. The protons are sent through the membrane towards the cathode while the electrons are forced into a circuit which then generates electrical power. Oxygen molecules react with the electrons that were forced into circuit and protons to form water on the cathode catalyst.

How Efficient are Fuel Cells?

The efficiency of fuel cells depends on the quantity of power drawn. More drawn power will equate to increased current. Increased current also equates to increased losses in fuel cells so efficiency is reduced as more power or current is drawn.

Fuel cell efficiency is almost proportional to its voltage since drawn current or losses lead to voltage drops as well. If a fuel cell has 50% efficiency, this means that half of the hydrogen energy content will be converted into electrical energy while the rest will be converted into heat.

Fuel cells are not limited in the Carnot cycle efficiency like other combustion engines since these do not work with a thermal cycle. Fuel cells still fall under the laws of thermodynamics but are more efficient compared to the thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle. Electrical output needs to turn into mechanical power in order to produce propulsion. Fuel cells may also convert chemical energy into electrical energy quickly with low power densities and with pure oxygen and hydrogen as reactants.

Influence as Alternate Fuel

There are various benefits provided by fuel cells which show that it can be a very feasible source of alternate fuel. First is pollution reduction since fuel cells uses a radically different approach in producing energy thus reducing byproducts formed from conventional combustion processes.

Countries all over the world are looking for domestic sources in order to continuously produce energy. Since fuel cells use hydrogen which can easily be derived from water, it simply shows that fuel cells can be more economically and ecologically wise in the near future.

Pure hydrogen powers fuel cells making it around 80% efficient. Through an electric motor and inverter, electrical energy can be converted into mechanical energy spurring propulsion. The proportional energy-efficiency ratio of fuel cells mean that an electric motor with 80% efficiency is also 80% efficient in producing electrical power and is 80% efficient in converting it into mechanical power.

Click here for a great range of hybrid vehicles, or click here to read our hybrid vehicles blog

What About Hydrogen?

Hydrogen has also become quite popular in trying to make its way among the ranks of other useful and effective alternate fuels. The fact that it can easily be acquired from water makes it one truly cost-effective and ecological solution. Companies and manufacturers are constantly trying to develop hydrogen with the aim to provide power and efficiency as needed by most people.

How Good is Hydrogen?

Hydrogen can be easily produced from several domestic and renewable sources like water. Since crude oil prices are soaring to an all-time high at present, being able to acquire fuel from cheap or relatively free sources could positively influence the entire market. Economy and energy security can significantly improve when nations minimize dependence on foreign oil. Presently, hydrogen may still be more expensive to manufacture compared to fossil fuels but researchers are constantly innovating ways to make it more affordable to the general public.

Performance is also maintained although may not be as powerful or efficient as gasoline-powered vehicles. Emissions make up for the short inefficiencies since hydrogen can reduce it as low as almost zero.

One of the most useful effects of hydrogen is its potential to improve the atmosphere. With recent technology, hydrogen can be safely stored and transported. As far as efficiency is concerned, hydrogen may greatly boost energy efficiency considering that the average energy efficiency rate of vehicles today is only around 18%.

Ideally, hydrogen should still undergo several processes in order to be considered potent enough to perform as well as gasoline. Range and power are two aspects that still need dramatic improvement. Engines today are not yet fully equipped to harness the full potential of hydrogen. Efficient use of the resource still needs to be improved as well. Everything seems to look promising as hydrogen engines tend to run leaner and at higher compression ratios compared to hydrocarbon fuels.

How Does a Hybrid Hydrogen Vehicle Work?

Stored electrical energy is drawn as required by the power demands of the driver when cruising, accelerating and running accessories. The engine like other hybrid models instantly shuts down when fully charged during idle periods to save fuel and energy.

A single-speed transmission couples the wheels to an electric motor for power train. Regenerative braking is present as well wherein the electric motor turns into a generator when the vehicle is coasting or slowing down. Once the brakes are applied, kinetic energy is stored in the device for future use.

Hydrogen-powered vehicles still need to be improved in terms of engine and generator in order to provide adequate power to cruise regular speeds and climb like regular gas-powered vehicles. If the engine or generator provides enough power for energy use, then it also functions as a range extender. Now, hybrid hydrogen vehicles are still trying to find ways to improve performance and efficiency to compare to the likes of hybrid electrics.

The Tradeoff: Hydrogen for Internal Combustion

Fuel cells incorporate hydrogen which can effectively serve as alternate fuel in converting chemical energy into kinetic or electrical energy. A number of fuel cells can operate purely on hydrogen having superior power-to-weight ratio. Providing more power relative to heavier load means that hydrogen fuel cell cars are more efficient compared to internal combustion engines.

There are also no byproducts produced since the elements released are naturally occurring in the environment. There should still be innovations as to how to properly store and transport hydrogen to make fuel cell production cheaper and affordable to the majority.

A hydrogen economy is foreseen in the near future which focuses on producing hydrogen in order to provide energy. Since it is the most abundant and naturally occurring element in the universe, there can be virtually no shortage compared to oil, coal and other natural gases.

Combustion characteristics are nonexistent making the atmosphere benefit through the absence of greenhouse gases emitted. Instead of tailpipe emission, energy can be produced from point sources like facilities for mobile applications.

Generally, hydrogen is used up through a chemical reaction without the harmful effects of pollution. Hydrogen used in fuel cells easily mixes and reacts to produce energy, water and heat. Hydrogen has been referred to as the perfect fuel because of its efficiency, cleanliness and abundance. It is only a matter of time before it finds its way as a staple on the market.

Click here for a great range of hybrid vehicles, or click here to read our hybrid vehicles blog

Pros and Cons of the Toyota Prius and Camry Hybrid

Toyota has been very active in producing top quality vehicles for decades. With the emergence of hybrid technology, Toyota goes further by developing the Prius which is warmly embraced internationally. The Camry also took the market by storm being one of the most marketed hybrid vehicles to date. Here is a quick review of the two cars.

Toyota Prius: The Good and the Bad

The Toyota Prius is a hybrid electric vehicle which was first released in Japan in 1997 before being made available to the world market in 2001. It is the pioneering mass-produced hybrid vehicle. The Prius is one of the most fuel-efficient and environmentally friendly cars available today.

The car uses a series parallel system that can run on both gasoline and electric power. It incorporates technologies like regenerative braking and idle-off capability. The Toyota Prius has a real-world gas mileage of around 44 to 46 mpg.

The Toyota Prius has a very distinct style unlike other hybrid vehicles. People do not have to sacrifice fashion over function when investing in the car. The vehicle is also very quiet and smooth making it convenient and comfortable to drive. According to advertising, the Prius emits carbon dioxide up to 1 ton less than gas and diesel-powered cars.

Price is also a good thing about the vehicle since it comes in at a very affordable $22,000. Other pros include excellent gas mileage, generous interior space, quality structure and materials used as well as easy maneuverability. The Toyota Prius is truly a fuel-efficient hybrid vehicle.

Some agencies claim that the advertisements claiming the 1 ton less of carbon dioxide emitted by the Toyota Prius may be faulty and misleading since the average distance used in the United States and United Kingdom were not included. The Prius is also less agile and needs more power to match gas-powered counterparts. Although the interior is quiet roomy, it lacks headroom in the rear. There can also be some road noises heard from the backseat and rear visibility is not good.

Toyota Camry: The Good and the Bad

The Toyota Camry is the hybrid counterpart of the gas-powered sedan. The vehicle was first released in 2006 and continues to generate sales of around 60,000 units each year. The Camry uses a four-cylinder gas engine, 650V electric motor with 140 horsepower and 270 Nm and a NiMH 245V traction battery having a high output of 40 horsepower.

Overall it can peak at 192 horsepower. The Toyota Camry has a gas mileage of 40 mpg in the city and 38 mpg on the highway. Some features include VDIM or vehicle dynamics integrated management and climate control (HVAC) system with ECO button that limits energy consumption of the system.

The Toyota Camry is very comfortable for passengers and has several safety features like antilock brakes, side-impact and side curtain-type airbags and a vehicle stability control system. The vehicle also has very generous interior space. The car is also very reliable having an efficient hybrid power train and stronger acceleration compared to other four-cylinder sedans. The Toyota Camry is very complete and fuel efficient.

The Camry does come at a rather hefty price of over $30,000 which is more expensive compared to other sedans but resale value is high which compensates well. The trunk needs more room and the style overall is nothing to brag about. The side airbags are also not standard which is another weak point for the hybrid vehicle.

Prius vs. Camry

The Prius is considerably more affordable than the Camry by as much as $8,000. The Toyota Prius beats the Camry in fuel economy as well. City fuel economy for the Prius is 60 mpg while the Camry is at 40 mpg. Highway fuel economy is 51 mpg for the Prius and 38 mpg for the Camry. Acceleration is better for the Camry though going from 0-60 mph in 7.3 seconds compared to the Prius' 9.8 seconds.

Traction battery power is 28 hp and 40 hp for the Prius and Camry respectively. Both do not require premium fuel and have a maximum seating capacity of 5 persons. As for smog-forming emissions, both vehicles have 80% less emission compared to non-hybrid cars. The Prius design is also more inspiring compared to the more expensive Camry.

It seems that the Prius is in the lead as far as cost-efficiency and style is concerned. There are other advantages that the Camry has as well like better maneuverability and power. In the end, it is still a very tight match that only buyers will get to decide the true winner.

Click here for a great range of hybrid vehicles, or click here to read our hybrid vehicles blog

Pros and Cons of the Honda Civic Hybrid

Honda has joined the hybrid bandwagon by creating the Civic hybrid vehicle. What are its strengths compared to non-hybrids as well as others in its class? Can it prove to be a contender in the ongoing race for maximum fuel economy and efficiency? Find out more about the new model and features and determine if it might be your very next car.

The Honda Civic Hybrid

The Honda Civic Hybrid is the hybrid counterpart of the gas-powered Honda Civic sedan. Honda innovated the transmission, system and engine of the vehicle in order to become more fuel-efficient. The style and design are reminiscent of the conventional model. The Honda Civic Hybrid engine earned international acclaim by winning the International Engine of the Year for three consecutive years from 2002 to 2004 in the 1 to 1.4-liter division. In 2003 and 2004, it also won Best Fuel Economy as well as Motor Trend 2006 Car of the Year.

In 2006, the Civic Hybrid was redesigned featuring a stylish new look as well as an EPA gas mileage of around 49 mpg city driving and 51 mpg highway driving. It has the new version of Hondas Integrated Motor Assist system which allows the car to run on the electric motor solely with the right cruising conditions.

The exterior of the new model looks very modern compared to the previous model. The car features 15 inches of disc-like alloy wheels with low-rolling-resistance tires. The A-pillars were placed over the front wheels. Getting in and out of the Civic Hybrid is relatively easier due to the large front doors. Other futuristic additions were hybrid badges, rear lip spoilers and turn-signal indicators right inside the side mirror housings.

The interior is generous in space with a maximum seating capacity of 5 persons. The car also features two-tone cloth seats, air conditioning, CD stereo, power locks, steering and mirrors. The XM Satellite Radio and navigation system is standard in all units. There is also a digital tachometer, battery meter and charge/assist gauge that checks the electric capacity of the power train. The 10.4-cubic-foot trunk is rather small compared to the conventional 12 cubic feet. The rear seat also does not fold down.

More Impressions

The Honda Civic Hybrid features a 1.3-liter four-cylinder engine combined with an electric motor capable of generating power up to 110 hp and 123 lbs-ft of torque. All units have the standard continuously variable transmission.

The Civic has a variety of safety features having the highest rating like antilock brakes, side-impact, side curtain airbags and active front head restraints. The car may not be what one considers super fast but acceleration is good. There's also an engine auto-stop feature that immediately shuts down the engine when idling for added fuel efficiency.

The Honda Civic Hybrid can be fueled at any station having a 12.3-gallon tank able to go as far as 490 miles. Total gas mileage is significantly better than a conventional Civic. Greenhouse gas emission of the hybrid vehicle totaled around 4.4 tons every year compared to the regular Civics 6.3 tons. The car is an Advanced Technology-Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle or AT-PZEV and is for sale in all states at around $21,000 to $23,000.

The Good and the Bad

The hybrid has very firm and stable suspension with a well-controlled body roll. Passengers may feel some rattles and shakes on exceptionally uneven paths and roads. Steering and maneuvering is relatively easy. Visibility is also excellent on all sides. The idle-off capability is a good thing but the Civic may have to be restarted manually sometimes during full stops.

The style is definitely one of the best qualities of the car in addition to several standard accessories like the XM Satellite Radio, power locks and windows and navigation system.

Some passengers report more jittery experiences even on fairly even roads. The interior is decent but the seat surfaces could look better. There are also not many luxury options available despite the sporty appearance of the Honda Civic Hybrid. Headroom at the rear is rather low and the rear seats don't fold so luggage could be a problem. The non-linear braking performance and split instrument panel are also minuses. Overall, the Civic Hybrid rates very well considering that the good points still far outweigh the bad.

Click here for a great range of hybrid vehicles, or click here to read our hybrid vehicles blog

Pros and Cons of the Ford Escape Hybrid

The Ford Escape Hybrid was the very first SUV hybrid released to the market. Since its initial launching in 2004, the Escape has continued to make waves for optimum fuel efficiency in addition to a variety of features. Drivers can now enjoy luxury and cost-effectiveness at the same time. Here is a quick review of the vehicle.

Description and Development

The Ford Escape Hybrid is the gas-electric hybrid counterpart of the Ford Escape SUV built by Ford Motor Company. It is considered a full hybrid with a system that can quickly switch between pure gasoline engine and pure electric power or a combination of both at varying loads and speeds. Like other hybrids, the vehicle can be identified via a hybrid badge on the doors.

The Escape features regenerative braking wherein the electric drive motor doubles as a generator that converts kinetic energy during momentum into electric power for battery storage when idling, coasting or slowing down. 17,000 units were built during the second half of 2004 and plans for making the Hybrid Escape E85 which is said to be capable of running on 85% ethanol flexible fuel is currently underway.

The Features

The Ford Escape Hybrid has a 133 hp 2.3-liter 4-cylinder gasoline engine and 94 hp electric motor which together are able to perform as well as the 200 hp V6 that the conventional model has. The hybrid is about 75% more efficient with gas mileage of 33 to 36 mpg in the city and 29 to 31 on the highway. A single 62.4-liter tank can go as far as 400 to 500 miles. Driving in the city is very convenient and efficient due to energy-conserving features like regenerative braking.

Acceleration on pure electric power is good at around 39 mph. When running on pure electric power, the Escape can cover a range of about 1.5 to 1.8 miles. The gasoline engine kicks in after the maximum range has been covered. The engine also automatically shuts down when the vehicle is coasting and the brake is tapped when running under 40 mph. Coasting will resume without any gas consumption. Top speed of the hybrid is at 102 mph.

Tailpipe emissions of the Ford Escape Hybrid faired well and are reported to be 90% cleaner compared to the average. The exterior has a square-jawed body reminiscent of its gasoline-powered counterpart providing a tough and rugged appearance.

The instrumentation also looks more modern with ice-blue lighting, the DVD player touch-screen display and well-placed controls. The interior of the 2008 model is very comfortable and functional. The hybrid goes greener by using 100% recyclable material as upholstery.

Space is generous and can accommodate people of all sizes. The rear seats have adequate headroom and legroom as well. Cargo space measures 28 cubic feet behind the 60-40-split rear seats foldable to maximize space up to 65 cubic feet.

The Ford Escape Hybrid has several safety features like antilock disc brakes, side airbags and head curtain airbags with rollover sensors. Impact tests faired really well in the 2007 model and experts expect the latest version to do just as good or better. The hybrid also has 300 extra pounds of curb weight than the conventional Escape with decent body roll.

The Good and the Bad

The Ford Escape Hybrid has a powerful drive train providing real-world gas mileage of around 30 mph. It is also very easy to handle and maneuver with considerable body roll around turns. Space is not a problem when it comes to headroom, legroom, cabins and cargo.

The design is also aesthetic and tough at the same time. The Escape is one of the most fuel-efficient hybrid SUVs on the market with regenerative braking and automatic engine shutdown. People get to save more with a tax credit and the special 8-year, 100-000 mile warranty. It is also one of the cleanest SUVs available.

The Escape hybrid does have a lot of engine noise. The stiff brake pedal makes it hard to coast aside from the brakes not being linear. Safety features are satisfactory but lack stability control. Compared to other conventional SUVs, the Ford Escape feels less agile as well.

Drivers may set the air-conditioner on maximum to avoid the engine from automatically shutting off when coasting. The air-conditioner simply shuts off when the gasoline engine stops running. The electric mode tends to perform poorly in cold weather.

Click here for a great range of hybrid vehicles, or click here to read our hybrid vehicles blog

How to Select the Right Hybrid for You

Planning to go green and buy a hybrid? You have to know a few things first to make sure that you're getting an efficient one that best suits your needs, so let's review what we have learned.

Hybrid vehicles come in many forms today and also operate through various means and mechanisms. Here are some guidelines which will help you select the right one.

What Technologies are Available?

1. Idle-off capability is when the engine automatically shuts down if the hybrid vehicle is braking, idling or coasting. The engine can also easily turn back on once the driver releases the brake and steps on the accelerator.

2. Regenerative braking is when the electric motor takes over when the car is slowing down. It also doubles as a generator in which energy lost while the hybrid vehicle is braking can be converted into electric power that recharges the battery.

3. Power assist and engine downsizing occurs when the electric motor kicks in to help move the car during acceleration. The size of the engine is virtually smaller since both the electric motor and engine combine in providing power.

4. Electric-only is when the electric motor solely provides power for the vehicle when running at low speeds or when starting.

5. Extended battery-electric range is when the electric motor can provide power for the vehicle when running over a distance of 20 to 60 miles. Afterwards, the battery can easily be recharged by plugging into an external electric power source. The gasoline engine kicks in after the range has been covered by the electric motor.

Learn how to define the type of hybrid vehicle you are getting. Mild hybrids use the first three technologies mentioned earlier while full hybrids use the first four. There are also plug-in hybrid vehicles that use all five but are not yet available to the general public.

There are muscle hybrids that come in the form of SUVs which are more cost-effective and environmentally friendly compared to their conventional counterparts. Some hybrid vehicles may use only one or two technologies but still aim to improve mileage and ecological effects.

Questions to Ask

Is it fuel efficient? What is the average range that the electric motor can cover before the gasoline engine kicks in? Does it have idle-off capability? Check the gas mileage and engine size to determine if the hybrid vehicle you are getting can truly help you save more. Some hybrid vehicles are very mild in which a minor technology only may be incorporated. Saving even 1 to 2 gallons of fuel a day more can be quite cost-effective.

Is it environmentally friendly? Check the emission of the vehicle. Hybrids should have very low or zero emission which minimizes the risk of exhausting greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Find out the electric motor capabilities since these are the times when gasoline byproducts are prevented and reduced. There are various sources of power available which reduce pollutants like fuel cells, hydrogen and electricity. Find out if any of these are incorporated in your vehicle.

What are its other features? Check the interior and exterior of the hybrid vehicle just as you would when buying a conventional one. Determine if the size is right for your or your family, determine the quality of the materials used if the overall structure is safe for highway driving and compare the advantages and key features with other models. Some hybrids don't look as stylish as gas models but there are also hybrids that look exactly like their conventional counterparts.

How much is it? The initial sum of buying a hybrid vehicle is usually higher compared to conventional cars. However, you will discover that you can easily make up for the initial cost by saving more on fuel. Again, you need to check the mileage, rate of consumption and possible tax deductions to see if the hybrid can really be cost-effective in the years to come. Also consider repair and maintenance expenses in the future.

Advantages to Look for When Making a Selection

The United States government provides significant tax breaks to individuals who opt for hybrid vehicles. The tax break will depend on the tax bracket. There are states that provide special parking areas as well for hybrid vehicles so drivers get to save more on parking fees. Some insurance policies may provide special offers to owners of hybrids on repair and maintenance too.

There are SULEVs or super ultra low-emission vehicles, ULEVs or ultra low-emission vehicles and PZEVs or partial zero emission vehicles that are very clean and quiet. Drivers get to enjoy smooth and peaceful driving without the environmental hazards and risks. Some of the largest automobile manufacturers are greatly investing in hybrids with very stylish and powerful models that can go up against the best gasoline-powered ones.

Click here for a great range of hybrid vehicles, or click here to read our hybrid vehicles blog