Seahorses

The species of the genus Hippocampus are the seahorses, a distinct group of fishes within the family Syngnathidae, which also includes the pipefishes. There are over 50 species of seahorse, mainly found in shallow tropical and temperate waters throughout the world. They prefer to live in sheltered areas such as seagrass beds, coral reefs, or mangroves. Colonies have been found in European waters such as the Thames Estuary. From North America down to South America there are approximately four species, ranging from very small in size (dwarf seahorses are only about 2.5 cm / 1" long) to those much larger, found off the Pacific Coast of Central America (the foot-long Hippocampus ingens). Hippocampus erectus are larger seahorses found anywhere from Nova Scotia down to around Uruguay. Three different species of seahorse live in the Mediterranean Sea: Hippocampus hippocampus (long snout), Hippocampus brevirostris (short snout) and Hippocampus fuscus (immigrated from the Red Sea). These fish form territories, with males staying in about one square meter of their habitat while females range about one hundred times that area. They bob around in sea grass meadows, mangrove stands, and coral reefs where they are camouflaged by murky brown and grey patterns that blend into the sea grass backgrounds. During social moments or in unusual surroundings, seahorses turn bright colors.

Pipefishes or pipe-fishes (Syngnathinae) are a subfamily of small fishes, which with the seahorses form the family Syngnathidae.

The leafy sea dragon, Phycodurus eques, is a marine fish in the family Syngnathidae, which also includes the seahorses. It is the only member of the genus Phycodurus. It is found along the southern and western coasts of Australia. The name is derived from the appearance, with long leaf-like protrusions coming from all over the body. These protrusions are not used for propulsion; they serve only as camouflage. The leafy sea dragon propels itself by means of a pectoral fin on the ridge of its neck and a dorsal fin on its back closer to the tail end. These small fins are almost completely transparent and difficult to see as they undulate minutely to move the creature sedately through the water, completing the illusion of floating seaweed.

Phyllopteryx taeniolatus, the weedy sea dragon or common sea dragon, is a marine fish related to the seahorse. It is the only member of the genus Phyllopteryx. It is found in water 3 to 50 m deep around the southern coastline of Australia, approximately between Port Stephens, New South Wales and Geraldton, Western Australia, as well as around Tasmania. Weedy sea dragons are named for the weed-like projections on their bodies that camouflage them as they move among the seaweed beds where they are usually found.

Category: Image - :Phyllopteryx_taeniolatus1.jpg|left|thumb|Weedy sea dragon in Cabbage Tree Bay, Sydney, Australia

Weedy sea dragons can reach 45 cm in length. They feed on tiny crustaceans and other zooplankton, from places such as crevices in reef, which are sucked into the end of their long tube-like snout. They lack a prehensile tail that enables similar species to clasp and anchor themselves. Phyllopteryx taeniolatus swim in shallow reefs and weed beds, and resemble drifting weed when moving over bare sand.

Sea dragons, sea horses and pipefish are the only known species where the male carries the eggs.

The male of the species carries the fertilized eggs, attached under his tail, where they are incubated for about eight weeks. The young are independent at birth, beginning to eat shortly after. Mating in captivity is rare since researchers have yet to understand what biological or environmental factors trigger them to reproduce. In captivity the survival rate for weedy sea dragons is about 60%.Newsvine/Associated Press 12 June 2008

A more cryptic relative of the weedy sea dragon is the leafy sea dragon Phycodurus eques. In the November 2006 issue of National Geographic magazine, marine biologist Greg Rouse is reported as investigating the DNA variation of the two sea dragon species across their ranges.

The Aquarium of the Pacific in Long Beach, California in the USA, Melbourne Aquarium in Australia and the Tennessee Aquarium in Chattanooga, Tennessee in the USATennessee Aquarium Website are the only facilities in the world to have successfully bred weedy sea dragons in captivity, though others occasionally report egg laying. As of June 2008, the Georgia Aquarium in Atlanta, USA had a pregnant sea dragon, which was expected to give birth in early-mid July.

The weedy sea dragon is the marine emblem of the State of Victoria.Dept of Sustainabilty and Environment Victoria

The cape seahorse or knysna seahorse (Hippocampus capensis) is a species of fish in the Syngnathidae family. It is endemic to South Africa. It lives in the Keurbooms River in Plettenberg Bay throughout the Knysna lagoon and up to Swartvlei in Sedgefield. The limited range of this seahorse puts it at great risk. It feeds on zooplankton and brine shrimp.