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The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (U of M, U-M, UM or simply Michigan) is a coeducational public research university in the state of Michigan.
The university was founded in 1817 in Detroit, about 20 years before the territory of Michigan officially became a state, and moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. Today, it is the state's oldest university and the flagship campus; there are two satellite campuses — the University of Michigan-Flint and the University of Michigan-Dearborn.
The university is internationally renowned for its academics. In its last published survey in 1995, the National Research Council ranked UM 3rd in the United States in a study that aggregated evaluations of 41 graduate disciplines and is considered as one of the original eight Public Ivys. The university also has one of the largest research expenditures of any American university and the largest number of living alumni, at 420,000. UM owns one of the most well-regarded academic medical centers in the United States, the University of Michigan Health System. The university is also recognized for its history of student activism and its athletic teams, notably in football, men's basketball, and ice hockey.
Despite being a public institution, the University of Michigan charges high student fees; in 2007, tuition for out-of-state students was the most expensive in the country. The university has also been at the center of a national controversy involving the use of affirmative action in admissions. Though the university successfully affirmed before the U.S. Supreme Court that consideration of race as a factor in admissions to universities was constitutional for the holistic Law School admissions process in 2003, — a collection of news articles and other documents relating to affirmative action in college admissions. the Supreme Court also expressed an opinion on the degree to which race could be used by striking down the policy for undergraduate admissions in a separate court case. The former policy automatically awarded 20 points to underrepresented minority applicants in its points-based system. Michigan voters responded by approving restrictions on affirmative action in public universities and governmental hiring in November 2006, forcing the university to cease using race and gender as criteria for admissions.
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