Alice's Adventures In Wonderland

Alice was published in 1865, three years after the Reverend Charles Lutwidge Dodgson and the Reverend Robinson Duckworth rowed in a boat, on 4 July 1862[4], up the River Thames with three young girls:[5]

* Lorina Charlotte Liddell (aged 13, born 1849) ("Prima" in the book's prefatory verse)
* Alice Pleasance Liddell (aged 10, born 1852) ("Secunda" in the prefatory verse)
* Edith Mary Liddell (aged 8, born 1853) ("Tertia" in the prefatory verse).

The three girls were the daughters of Henry George Liddell, the Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University and Dean of Christ Church as well as headmaster of Westminster School.

The journey had started at Folly Bridge near Oxford and ended five miles away in the village of Godstow. To while away time the Reverend Dodgson told the girls a story that, not so coincidentally, featured a bored little girl named Alice who goes looking for an adventure.

The girls loved it, and Alice Liddell asked Dodgson to write it down for her. After a lengthy delay-over two years-he eventually did so and on 26 November 1864 gave Alice the handwritten manuscript of Alice's Adventures Under Ground, with illustrations by Dodgson himself. Some, including Martin Gardner, speculate there was an earlier version that was destroyed later by Dodgson himself when he printed a more elaborate copy by hand,[6] but there is no known prima facie evidence to support this.

But before Alice received her copy, Dodgson was already preparing it for publication and expanding the 15,500-word original to 27,500 words, most notably adding the episodes about the Cheshire Cat and the Mad Tea-Party. In 1865, Dodgson's tale was published as Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by "Lewis Carroll" with illustrations by John Tenniel. The first print run of 2,000 was held back because Tenniel objected to the print quality.[7] A new edition, released in December of the same year, but carrying an 1866 date, was quickly printed. As it turned out, the original edition was sold with Dodgson's permission to the New York publishing house of Appleton. The binding for the Appleton Alice was virtually identical to the 1866 Macmillan Alice, except for the publisher's name at the foot of the spine. The title page of the Appleton Alice was an insert cancelling the original Macmillan title page of 1865, and bearing the New York publisher's imprint and the date 1866.

The entire print run sold out quickly. Alice was a publishing sensation, beloved by children and adults alike. Among its first avid readers were Queen Victoria and the young Oscar Wilde. The book has never been out of print. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland has been translated into 125 languages[citation needed]. There have now been over a hundred editions of the book, as well as countless adaptations in other media, especially theatre and film.

The book is commonly referred to by the abbreviated title Alice in Wonderland, an alternative title popularized by the numerous stage, film and television adaptations of the story produced over the years. Some printings of this title contain both Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass, and, What Alice Found There.

* 1865: First UK edition (the suppressed edition).
* 1865: First US edition.[8]
* 1869: Alice's Abenteuer im Wunderland is published in German translation by Antonie Zimmermann.
* 1869: Aventures d'Alice au pays des merveilles is published in French translation by Henri Bué.
* 1870: Alice's Äfventyr i Sagolandet is published in Swedish translation by Emily Nonnen.
* 1871: Dodgson meets another Alice during his time in London, Alice Raikes, and talks with her about her reflection in a mirror, leading to another book Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There, which sells even better.
* 1886: Carroll publishes a facsimile of the earlier Alice's Adventures Under Ground manuscript.
* 1890: Carroll publishes The Nursery "Alice", a special edition "to be read by Children aged from Nought to Five".
* 1905: Mrs J. C. Gorham publishes Alice's Adventures in Wonderland retold in words of one syllable in a series of such books published by A. L. Burt Company, aimed at young readers.
* 1907: Copyright on AAIW expires in UK, and so AAIW enters the public domain. At least 8 new editions are published in that year alone.[9]
* 1908: Alice has its first translation into Japanese.
* 1910: La Aventuroj de Alicio en Mirlando is published in Esperanto translation by Elfric Leofwine Kearney.
* 1916: Publication of the first edition of the Windermere Series, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Illustrated by Milo Winter.
* 1928: The manuscript of Alice's Adventures Under Ground that Carroll wrote and illustrated and that he had given to Alice Liddell was sold at Sotheby's on April 3. It sold to Philip Rosenbach for %u20A415,400, a world record for the sale of a manuscript at the time.[10]
* 1960: American writer Martin Gardner publishes a special edition, The Annotated Alice, incorporating the text of both Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. It has extensive annotations explaining the hidden allusions in the books, and includes full texts of the Victorian era poems parodied in them. Later editions expand on these annotations.
* 1961: The Folio Society publication with 42 illustrations by John Tenniel.
* 1964: Alicia in Terra Mirabili is published in Latin translation by Clive Harcourt Carruthers.
* 1990: Contoyrtyssyn Ealish ayns Çheer ny Yindyssyn is published in Manx translation by Brian Stowell.
* 1998: Lewis Carroll's own copy of Alice, one of only six surviving copies of the 1865 first edition, is sold at an auction for US$1.54 million to an anonymous American buyer, becoming the most expensive children's book (or 19th-century work of literature) ever sold, up to that time.[11]
* 2003: Eachtraí Eilíse i dTír na nIontas is published in Irish translation by Nicholas Williams.
* 2008: Folio Alice's Adventures Under Ground facsimile edition (limited to 3,750 copies, boxed with The Original Alice pamphlet).
* 2009: Alys in Pow an Anethow is published in Cornish translation by Nicholas Williams.
* 2009: Children's book collector and former American football player Pat McInally reportedly sold Alice Liddell's own copy at auction for $115,000.[12]

Chapter 1-Down the Rabbit Hole: Alice is bored sitting on the riverbank with her sister, when she sees a talking, clothed White Rabbit with a watch run past. She follows it down a rabbit hole when suddenly she falls a long way to a curious hall with many locked doors of all sizes. She finds a small key to a door too small for her to fit, but through which she sees an attractive garden. She then discovers a bottle labelled "DRINK ME", the contents of which cause her to shrink too small to reach the key. A cake with "EAT ME" on it causes her to grow to such a tremendous size her head hits the ceiling.

Chapter 2-The Pool of Tears: Alice is unhappy and cries and her tears flood the hallway. After shrinking down again due to a fan she had picked up, Alice swims through her own tears and meets a Mouse, who is swimming as well. She tries to make small talk with him but all she can think of talking about is her cat, which offends the mouse.

Chapter 3-The Caucus Race and a Long Tale: The sea of tears becomes crowded with other animals and birds that have been swept away. Alice and the other animals convene on the bank and the question among them is how to get dry again. The mouse gives them a very dry lecture on William the Conqueror. A Dodo decides that the best thing to dry them off would be a Caucus-Race, which consists of everyone running in a circle with no clear winner. Alice eventually frightens all the animals away, unwittingly, by talking about her cat.

Chapter 4-The Rabbit Sends a Little Bill: The White Rabbit appears again in search of the Duchess's gloves and fan. He orders Alice to go into the house and retrieve them, but once she gets inside she starts growing. The horrified Rabbit orders his gardener, Bill the Lizard, to climb on the roof and go down the chimney. Outside, Alice hears the voices of animals that have gathered to gawk at her giant arm. The crowd hurls pebbles at her, which turn into little cakes, which, when Alice eats them, reduce her again in size.

Chapter 5-Advice from a Caterpillar: Alice comes upon a mushroom and sitting on it is a blue Caterpillar smoking a hookah. The Caterpillar questions Alice and she admits to her current identity crisis, compounded by her inability to remember a poem. Before crawling away, the caterpillar tells Alice that one side of the mushroom will make her taller and the other side will make her shorter. She breaks off two pieces from the mushroom. One side makes her shrink smaller than ever, while another causes her neck to grow high into the trees, where a pigeon mistakes her for a serpent. With some effort, Alice brings herself back to her usual height. She stumbles upon a small estate and uses the mushroom to reach a more appropriate height.

Chapter 6-Pig and Pepper: A Fish-Footman has an invitation for the Duchess of the house, which he delivers to a Frog-Footman. Alice observes this transaction and, after a perplexing conversation with the frog, lets herself into the house. The Duchess's Cook is throwing dishes and making a soup that has too much pepper, which causes Alice, the Duchess and her baby (but not the cook or her grinning Cheshire Cat) to sneeze violently. Alice is given the baby by the Duchess and to her surprise, the baby turns into a pig.

Chapter 7-A Mad Tea Party: The Cheshire Cat appears in a tree, directing her to the March Hare's house. He disappears but his grin remains behind to float on its own in the air prompting Alice to remark that she has often seen a cat without a grin but never a grin without a cat. Alice becomes a guest at a "mad" tea party along with the Hatter (now more commonly known as the Mad Hatter), the March Hare, and a sleeping Dormouse who remains asleep for most of the chapter. The other characters give Alice many riddles and stories. The Mad Hatter reveals that they have tea all day because time has punished him by eternally standing still at 6 pm (tea time). Alice becomes insulted and tired of being bombarded with riddles and she leaves claiming that it was the stupidest tea party that she had ever been to.

Chapter 8-The Queen's Croquet Ground: Alice leaves the tea party and enters the garden where she comes upon three living playing cards painting the white roses on a rose tree red because the Queen of Hearts hates white roses. A procession of more cards, kings and queens and even the White Rabbit enters the garden. Alice then meets the King and Queen. The Queen, a figure difficult to please, introduces her trademark phrase "Off with his head!" which she utters at the slightest dissatisfaction with a subject.

Alice is invited (or some might say ordered) to play a game of croquet with the Queen and the rest of her subjects but the game quickly descends into chaos. Live flamingos are used as mallets and hedgehogs as balls and Alice once again meets the Cheshire Cat. The Queen of Hearts then orders the Cat to be beheaded, only to have her executioner complain that this is impossible since the head is all that can be seen of him. Because the cat belongs to the Duchess, the Queen is prompted to release the Duchess from prison to resolve the matter.

Chapter 9-The Mock Turtle's Story: The Duchess is brought to the croquet ground at Alice's request. She ruminates on finding morals in everything around her. The Queen of Hearts dismisses her on the threat of execution and she introduces Alice to the Gryphon, who takes her to the Mock Turtle. The Mock Turtle is very sad, even though he has no sorrow. He tries to tell his story about how he used to be a real turtle in school, which The Gryphon interrupts so they can play a game.

Chapter 10-Lobster Quadrille: The Mock Turtle and the Gryphon dance to the Lobster Quadrille, while Alice recites (rather incorrectly) "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster". The Mock Turtle sings them "Beautiful Soup" during which the Gryphon drags Alice away for an impending trial.

Chapter 11-Who Stole the Tarts?: Alice attends a trial whereby the Knave of Hearts is accused of stealing the Queen's tarts. The jury is composed of various animals, including Bill the Lizard, the White Rabbit is the court's trumpeter, and the judge is the King of Hearts. During the proceedings, Alice finds that she is steadily growing larger. The dormouse scolds Alice and tells her she has no right to grow at such a rapid pace and take up all the air. Alice scoffs and calls the dormouse's accusation ridiculous because everyone grows and she can't help it. Meanwhile witnesses at the trial include the Mad Hatter, who displeases and frustrates the King through his indirect answers to the questioning, and the Duchess's cook.

Chapter 12-Alice's Evidence: Alice is then called up as a witness. She accidentally knocks over the jury box with the animals inside them and the King orders the animals be placed back into their seats before the trial continues. The King and Queen order Alice to be gone, citing Rule 42 ("All persons more than a mile high to leave the court"), but Alice disputes their judgement and refuses to leave. She argues with the King and Queen of Hearts over the ridiculous proceedings, eventually refusing to hold her tongue. The Queen shouts her familiar "Off with her head!" but Alice is unafraid, calling them out as just a pack of cards. Alice's sister wakes her up for tea, brushing what turns out to be some leaves and not a shower of playing cards from Alice's face. Alice leaves her sister on the bank to imagine all the curious happenings for herself.

* Alice
* The White Rabbit
* The Mouse
* The Dodo
* The Lory
* The Eaglet
* The Duck
* Pat
* Bill the Lizard
* The Caterpillar
* The Duchess
* The Cheshire Cat
* The Hatter
* The March Hare
* The Dormouse
* The Queen of Hearts
* The Knave of Hearts
* The King of Hearts
* The Gryphon
* The Mock Turtle

Character overlap with Looking-Glass

The Jabberwock and Tweedledum and Tweedledee only appear in the sequel, Through the Looking-Glass. It is, however, often included in film versions, which are usually simply called "Alice in Wonderland", causing the confusion.

The Queen of Hearts is commonly mistaken for the Red Queen who appears in the story's sequel, Through the Looking-Glass, but shares none of her characteristics other than being a queen and the fact that hearts is a red suit. The Queen of Hearts is part of the deck of card imagery present in the first book, while the Red Queen is representative of a red chess piece, as chess is the theme present in the sequel. Many adaptations have mixed the characters, causing much confusion.

Character allusions

The members of the boating party that first heard Carroll's tale all show up in Chapter 3 ("A Caucus-Race and a Long Tale") in one form or another. There is, of course, Alice Liddell herself, while Carroll, or Charles Dodgson, is caricatured as the Dodo. Carroll is known as the Dodo because Dodgson stuttered when he spoke, thus if he spoke his last name it would be Do-Do-Dodgson.[citation needed] The Duck refers to Canon Duckworth, the Lory to Lorina Liddell, and the Eaglet to Edith Liddell (Alice Liddell's sisters).

Bill the Lizard may be a play on the name of Benjamin Disraeli. One of Tenniel's illustrations in Through the Looking-Glass depicts the character referred to as the "Man in White Paper" (whom Alice meets as a fellow passenger riding on the train with her), as a caricature of Disraeli, wearing a paper hat. The illustrations of the Lion and the Unicorn also bear a striking resemblance to Tenniel's Punch illustrations of Gladstone and Disraeli.

The Hatter is most likely a reference to Theophilus Carter, a furniture dealer known in Oxford for his unorthodox inventions. Tenniel apparently drew the Hatter to resemble Carter, on a suggestion of Carroll's. The Dormouse tells a story about three little sisters named Elsie, Lacie, and Tillie. These are the Liddell sisters: Elsie is L.C. (Lorina Charlotte), Tillie is Edith (her family nickname is Matilda), and Lacie is an anagram of Alice.

The Mock Turtle speaks of a Drawling-master, "an old conger eel", that used to come once a week to teach "Drawling, Stretching, and Fainting in Coils". This is a reference to the art critic John Ruskin, who came once a week to the Liddell house to teach the children drawing, sketching, and painting in oils. (The children did, in fact, learn well; Alice Liddell, for one, produced a number of skilled watercolours.)

The Mock Turtle also sings "Beautiful Soup". This is a parody of a song called "Star of the Evening, Beautiful Star", which was performed as a trio by Lorina, Alice and Edith Liddell for Lewis Carroll in the Liddell home during the same summer in which he first told the story of Alice's Adventures Under Ground.[13]

Dinah, Alice's Cat

Dinah is Alice's cat and bosom companion in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. Alice talks to Dinah, and mentions her frequently to Wonderland residents. When Alice describes Dinah's hunting skills to the animals in the Caucus Race, they become very uncomfortable.

Alice Sister

Alice's older sister, who reads a book without illustrations or dialogue while sitting on the bank with Alice at the beginning of the book. Alice falls asleep with her head in her sister's lap and has the dream about Wonderland. When Alice awakes, she tells her sister about her dream, and the book closes with her sister daydreaming about what Alice will be like as a grown-up.

The Cook, The Pig Baby and The Duchess

She is a cook for the Duchess and uses a lot of pepper for pepper soup, which leads to making the Duchess, her baby, and Alice sneezing. Due to the pepper, the Duchess beats her baby to prevent it from sneezing, which Alice dislikes. She also throws dishes and pans at Alice and almost at the baby. She also appears as a witness at the Queen of Hearts's trial where she says that the tarts are made of pepper.

The Frog Footmen from the 2010 film

The frogs of wonderland are messengers or footmen. One is an anthropomorphic frog with a bow tie and white hair. He received a letter from a fish-footman to give it to the duchess.

* In the 2010 movie, there are mutiple frog-footmen who work for the red queen. One of them was about to be executed for eating the queen's tarts as he was too hungry.
* The Frog-Footman do not appear in Walt Disney's Alice in Wonderland (1951 film) though there is a drum frog with a loose green head and green legs and a cymbal frog with eyes on top and blue legs in the Tulgey Wood.
* In the computer game American Mcgee's Alice, even though the frog-footman do not appear in game, searching through the files on the disk prove there was indeed a frog-footman programed for the game. To view this charecter in game you need to open the game console and type "actor c_frogfootman"

The Fish and Frog Footmen

In Lewis Carroll's novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, the Fish-Footman delivers a croquet invitation from the Queen of Hearts to the Duchess's the Frog-Footman, which he then delivers to the Duchess. In Japan, he is called the Fish Orderly or the Fishface Servant. In Tim Burton's 2010 remake of Alice in Wonderland, the Red Queen has a Fish-Footman working in her castle as a butler. Both the Frog-Footmen and the Fish-Footman have been shown in a featurette for Tim Burton's adaptation of Alice in Wonderland, which premieres March 5, 2010.

The Pig Baby

The Pig Baby is a character from the Lewis Carol's novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.The Pig Baby appeared in the Duchess's house as her baby for some minutes Alice was it's nanny.

Mary Ann

The White Rabbit's housemaid. Alice is mistaken for her. She did not apear in the Disney film.

Tortoise

Tortoise is the Mock Turtle's teacher. He does not appear, but is only mentioned. He is a Sea Turtle and when Alice asks why he was called Tortoise if he was a turtle, the Mock Turtle replies "We called him tortoise because he taught us!" This was a very clever play on words.

The Playing Cards

They are playing cards with a human head, arms and legs. They are loyal servants as well as guards for the Queen of Hearts. They mainly carry spears with the tip shaped as a heart.Alice first meets three cards at the Queen's castle painting white roses red. One of them explains that they accidentally planted white roses , and because the queen hates white roses they have to paint them red or the Queen will behead them. After the Queen arrives, she finds white roses and beheads all three of them. When Alice joins a game of croquet with the Queen and the other playing cards, the card soldiers act as arches. They have to leave being arches every time the Queen has an executioner drag the victim away. They also appear in the trial where the Knave of Hearts is accused for stealing the Queen's tarts.

* They also appear in the 1951 animated film as playing cards with masks shaped like card symbols that match their spears and gloves. They also march as they chase Alice even over the hedges of the labyrinth.

Card Soldiers as they appear in the 2010 film.

* They appear in the 2010 film as playing cards with red armor that covers their body, masks and shoulder plates shaped like hearts, and spears with tips shaped like hearts. There are no cards of spades, clovers or diamonds, for only cards of hearts appear in this film. They are called "Red Knights".
* They appear in the video game American McGee's Alice where they carry axes and bow guns.
* In the novel The Looking Glass Wars, they appear as robots with their outer layer shaped as cards and spears. They can fly while in card form and can walk as well as spear in soldier form. They work for Queen Redd, the main antagonist of the series
* In the otome game "Heart no Kuni no Alice", they are humans with card-marked uniforms that have different numbers for each servant and british hats. There appear to be female versions of these as well.

Kitty

Kitty is Dinah's black kitten and a character of the Lewis Carol's novel Though The Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There. Kitty appears in Chapter 1.

Snowdrop

Snowdrop is Dinah's white kitten and a character of Lewis Carol's novel Though The Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There. Snowdrop appears in Chapter 1.

The Talking Flowers

The flowers that Alice meets includes a tiger-lily, a rose, daisies, a violet, and a larkspur. Alice first meets them in the garden, where they mistaken her for a type of flower that can move. The one Alice first makes contact with is a Tiger-lily, who gets the other flowers straight. When Alice tells them if they are frightened when no one takes cares of them, the rose tells her that the tree in the middle is there . The daisies tell her that it says "Bough-wough," which is why branches are called boughs. Then all of them make shrill voices and don't stop until Alice whispers them that she will pick them if they don't hold their tongues. The violet is rude when she tells her that she had never seen anyone looked stupider, of course, she never saw anybody herself as explained by the tiger-lily. The rose tells her there is another flower that can move like her and looks like her, but she is redder, her 'petals are shorter', and wears her thorns on her head. The larkspur hers her on the gravel-walk. Alice finds out that the red flower is the Red Queen, which her hair are her petals and the thorn is the points of her crown. Alice goes to meet her and leaves the flowers.

* In the Disney Movie Alice meets them just before she meets the Caterpillar. They sing her a Song called the Golden Afternoon. They are Played By Queenie Leonard, Doris Lloyd and Norma Zimmer
* In the 2010 movie they also appear. They are Played by Imelda Staunton. Imelda Staunton's head was filmed and digitally added to the Flower Heads.

The Red Knight

The Knight comes across Alice while riding through a wood at the start of Chapter Eight. He attempts to capture her for the Red side, but then the White Knight suddenly appears and exclaims that he has rescued her. They decide to fight over her, in the manner according to Looking Glass Land's bizzare "Rules of Battle." Among these rules are: (1) "if one Knight hits the other, he knocks him off his horse, and if he misses, he tumbles off himself," (2) both combatants must "hold their clubs with their arms, as if they were Punch and Judy," and (3) both combatants must always fall on their heads. The contests ends when both knights fall from their horses and the White is inexplicably decided the victor. They shake hands and then the Red mounts and gallops away. According to the dramatis personae of Through the Looking-Glass, the Red Knight is actually the Red King's knight.[1]

Aged Man

He only appears within the poem, Haddocks' Eyes that the White Knight recites to Alice in Chapter Eight.According to the poem, the Knight met the Aged Man sitting atop a gate in a field and questioned him as to his profession. The Man responds with a long list of absurd occupations, including making waistcoat buttons from the eyes of haddocks and digging for buttered rolls. The last stanza closes by describing him as:

"...that old man I used to know--
Whose look was mild, whose speech was slow
Whose hair was whiter than the snow,
Whose face was very like a crow,
With eyes, like cinders, all aglow,
Who seemed distracted with his woe,
Who rocked his body to and fro,
And muttered mumblingly and low,
As if his mouth were full of dough..."

According to the dramatis personae for Through the Looking-Glass, he is the White King's bishop.[1]

Lily

She is the daughter of the White Queen.The Queen is looking for her daughter Lily. Since she is too young to play, Alice takes her place. In the next book, she is found by Alice and save a cat.

The Monstrous Crow

The Crow is listed in Through the Looking-Glass' dramatis personae as the Red King's bishop,[1] but Alice never encounters it over the course of the story. According to the rhyme, it is "black as a tar-barrel" and of a monstrous size. The Tweedle brothers are terrified of the Crow, and when the pair see the White Queen's shawl being blown around by the wind at the end of Chapter Four, they mistake it for the dread bird and flee through the woods.

The White Horse

The White Horse appears in the eighth chapter when his rider, the White Knight, is ready to save Alice of the Red Knight. The White Knight does hold his horse with a very curious material, a bee-hive, a mouse-trap, a bag with chandeliers and a plum-cake. Bunches of carrots, fire-irons, and many other things. Film of Tim Burton The White Horse appears as the horse of Mirana, the White Queen. He appears in the Frabjous Day, with the White Queen, Alice and the rest of the White Army.

The Bread & Butterfly

The bread-and-butterfly is an insect from Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. Its name and form is a pun on bread and butter. Its wings are thin slices of bread-and-butter with a crust as its body and a lump of sugar as its head. It lives on weak tea with cream in it.

* In the 1951 Disney movie, it is a butterfly with wings of bread with butter spread on it.

Rocking Horsefly

The Rocking-Horse-Fly is an insect from Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. Its name and form is a pun on the rocking-horse. Its body is that of a horse with black dots and wings on its back, while its legs are connected to rockers. It is made entirely of wood and rocks about. It lives on sap and sawdust.

* In the 1951 Disney movie, its body is yellow with its saddle, tail, and rockers red.
* In the 2010 adaption of Alice in Wonderland, it has a white-and-black polka dotted body. It has hair on its neck and tail. It was seen fending itself against a Snap-Dragonfly and another was rocking on a mushroom in the mushroom garden.
* In the Manga "Pandora Hearts", which is basically saturated with references to the books, there is a Chain that bears a resemblance to the Rocking-Horse Fly.

The Snap Dragonfly

The snap-dragonfly is an insect from Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. Its name and form is a pun on a traditional game called Snap-dragon. Its body is made of plum pudding with holly-leaves as wings and its head is a raisin burning in brandy. It makes its nest in a christmas box, and lives on frumenty and mince pie.

* In the 2010 adaption of Alice in Wonderland, its body, head, and tail is that of a dragon with antennas resembling long and thin horns, therefore its name and form is a pun on dragon from dragonfly. They were seen flying around with one of them fighting a Rocking-Horse-Fly.

The Gnat

Alice meets the gnat on her head. He calls Alice an old friend, but Alice doesn't recognize it leading it to depression. During the train ride Alice hears the Gnat mentioning topics he notices that would make a good joke. The Gnat seems to love jokes, however, he doesn't like saying them himself, he prefers others to make jokes. After the journey on the train, the Gnat introduces her to three insects:the Rocking-Horse-Fly, the Snap-Dragonfly, and the Bread-and-Butterfly. Then, it sighs itself away.

* Though the gnat doesn't make an appearance in the 1999 film, it was mentioned in the second verse of Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Bat when the Mad Hatter was recognized by the Queen of Hearts.

Characters Created For Films

* The Bloodhound (2010 film)
* The Ascots (2010 film)
* Charles Kingsleigh-Charles Kingsleigh is a character created for Tim Burton's upcoming film, Alice in Wonderland. He appears at The Ascots' garden party after Alice's beloved father has died. Charles is played by the New Zealand actor Marton Csokas.
* Doorknob- The Doorknob is a character created for the Disney Film. While not having much screen time, the Doorknob's mouth is the Keyhole to Wonderland. It likes to sleep, and therefore prefers silence over noises. The Doorknob also hides the world's Keyhole. The Doorknob is the only character from the film, Alice in Wonderland, to not have appeared in the book itself. It also uses the phrase "One good turn deserves another," derived from an old English folk tale of the same title. Contrary to the entry in Jiminy's Journal, Sora and company never enter through the door on which the Doorknob is fixed.

The Doorknob appears again in Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days, this time having a conversation with Roxas.

Poems and songs

* "All in the golden afternoon..."-the prefatory verse, an original poem by Carroll that recalls the rowing expedition on which he first told the story of Alice's adventures underground
* "How Doth the Little Crocodile"-a parody of Isaac Watts' nursery rhyme, "Against Idleness And Mischief"
* "The Mouse's Tale"-an example of concrete poetry
* "You Are Old, Father William"-a parody of Robert Southey's "The Old Man's Comforts and How He Gained Them"
* The Duchess's lullaby, "Speak roughly to your little boy..."-a parody of David Bates' "Speak Gently"
* "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Bat"-a parody of "Twinkle twinkle little star"
* The Lobster Quadrille-a parody of Mary Botham Howitt's "The Spider and the Fly"
* "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster"-a parody of "The Sluggard"
* "Beautiful Soup"-a parody of James M. Sayles's "Star of the Evening, Beautiful Star"
* "The Queen of Hearts"-an actual nursery rhyme
* "They told me you had been to her..."-the White Rabbit's evidence

Tenniel's illustrations

John Tenniel's illustrations of Alice do not portray the real Alice Liddell, who had dark hair and a short fringe. There is a persistent legend that Carroll sent Tenniel a photograph of Mary Hilton Babcock, another child-friend, but no evidence for this has yet come to light, and whether Tenniel actually used Babcock as his model is open to dispute.

Famous lines and expressions

The term "Wonderland", from the title, has entered the language and refers to a marvelous imaginary place, or else a real-world place that one perceives to have dream-like qualities. It, like much of the Alice work, is widely referred to in popular culture.
Illustration of Alice with the White Rabbit by Arthur Rackham

"Down the Rabbit-Hole", the Chapter 1 title, has become a popular term for going on an adventure into the unknown. In drug culture, "going down the rabbit hole" is a metaphor for taking hallucinogenic drugs, as Carroll's novel appears similar in form to a drug trip.[14]

In Chapter 6, the Cheshire Cat's disappearance prompts Alice to say one of her most memorable lines: "...a grin without a cat! It's the most curious thing I ever saw in all my life!"

In Chapter 7, the Hatter gives his famous riddle without an answer: "Why is a raven like a writing desk?" When asked by Alice what the answer was, he responds with, "I haven't the slightest idea." Although Carroll intended the riddle to have no solution, in a new preface to the 1896 edition of Alice, he proposes several answers: "Because it can produce a few notes, though they are very flat; and it is nevar put with the wrong end in front!" (Note the spelling of "never" as "nevar"-turning it into "raven" when inverted. This reverse spelling, however, was "corrected" in later editions to "never" and Carroll's pun was lost.) Puzzle expert Sam Loyd offered the following solutions:

* Because the notes for which they are noted are not noted for being musical notes
* Poe wrote on both
* They both have inky quills
* Bills and tales ("tails") are among their characteristics
* Because they both stand on their legs, conceal their steels ("steals"), and ought to be made to shut up.
* Occult: Marquis Andras, the raven from The Lesser Key of Solomon, riding a wolf with a sword.

Cyril Pearson proposed:

* Because they both slope with a flap.

Many other answers are listed in The Annotated Alice. In Frank Beddor's novel Seeing Redd, the main antagonist, Queen Redd (a megalomaniac parody of the Queen of Hearts) meets Lewis Carroll and declares that the answer to the riddle is "Because I say so". Carroll is too terrified to contradict her.

Other answers include "because there is a B in both and an N in neither" (meant to highlight the absurdity of the original question), "Neither one is made of cheese", "It isn't", and "Why not?" (arising from a different interpretation of the question: instead of the question asking what the similarity between the two is, it asks why the similarity - whatever it is - exists in the first place).

Arguably the most famous quote is the Queen of Hearts screaming "Off with her head!" at Alice (and everyone else she feels slightly annoyed with). Carroll may have been echoing a scene in Shakespeare's Richard III (III, iv, 76) where Richard demands the execution of Lord Hastings, crying "Off with his head!"

When Alice is growing taller after eating the cake labeled "Eat me" she says, "curiouser and curiouser", a famous line that is still used today to describe an event with extraordinary wonder. The Cheshire Cat confirms to Alice "We're all mad here", a line that has been repeated for years as a result.

Oxford Locations

Most of the book's adventures may have been based on and influenced by people, situations and buildings in Oxford and at Christ Church, e.g., the "Rabbit Hole," which symbolized the actual stairs in the back of the main hall in Christ Church. A carving of a griffon and rabbit, as seen in Ripon Cathedral, where Carroll's father was a canon, may have provided inspiration for the tale.[15]

Mathematics

Since Carroll was a mathematician at Christ Church, it has been suggested[16][17] that there are many references and mathematical concepts in both this story and also in Through the Looking-Glass; examples include:

* In chapter 1, "Down the Rabbit-Hole", in the midst of shrinking, Alice waxes philosophic concerning what final size she will end up as, perhaps "going out altogether, like a candle."; this pondering reflects the concept of a limit.
* In chapter 2, "The Pool of Tears", Alice tries to perform multiplication but produces some odd results: "Let me see: four times five is twelve, and four times six is thirteen, and four times seven is-oh dear! I shall never get to twenty at that rate!" This explores the representation of numbers using different bases and positional numeral systems: 4 x 5 = 12 in base 18 notation, 4 x 6 = 13 in base 21 notation, and 4 x 7 could be 14 in base 24 notation. Continuing this sequence, going up three bases each time, the result will continue to be less than 20 in the corresponding base notation. (After 19 the product would be 1A, then 1B, 1C, 1D, and so on.)
* In chapter 5, "Advice from a Caterpillar", the Pigeon asserts that little girls are some kind of serpent, for both little girls and serpents eat eggs. This general concept of abstraction occurs widely in many fields of science; an example in mathematics of employing this reasoning would be in the substitution of variables.
* In chapter 7, "A Mad Tea-Party", the March Hare, the Mad Hatter, and the Dormouse give several examples in which the semantic value of a sentence A is not the same value of the converse of A (for example, "Why, you might just as well say that 'I see what I eat' is the same thing as 'I eat what I see'!"); in logic and mathematics, this is discussing an inverse relationship.
* Also in chapter 7, Alice ponders what it means when the changing of seats around the circular table places them back at the beginning. This is an observation of addition on a ring of the integers modulo N.
* The Cheshire cat fades until it disappears entirely, leaving only its wide grin, suspended in the air, leading Alice to marvel and note that she has seen a cat without a grin, but never a grin without a cat. Deep abstraction of concepts (non-Euclidean geometry, abstract algebra, the beginnings of mathematical logic...) was taking over mathematics at the time Dodgson was writing. Dodgson's delineation of the relationship between cat and grin can be taken to represent the very concept of mathematics and number itself. For example, instead of considering two or three apples, one may easily consider the concept of 'apple', upon which the concepts of 'two' and 'three' may seem to depend. However, a far more sophisticated jump is to consider the concepts of 'two' and 'three' by themselves, just like a grin, originally seemingly dependent on the cat, separated conceptually from its physical object.

Mathematician Keith Devlin asserted in the journal of The Mathematical Association of America that Dodgson wrote Alice in Wonderland in its final form as a scathing satire on new modern mathematics that were emerging in the mid-1800s.[18]

The French language

It has been suggested by several people, including Martin Gardner and Selwyn Goodacre,[16] that Dodgson had an interest in the French language, choosing to make references and puns about it in the story. It is most likely that these are references to French lessons-a common feature of a Victorian middle-class girl's upbringing. For example, in the second chapter, Alice posits that the mouse may be French and chooses to speak the first sentence of her French lesson-book to it: "Où est ma chatte?" ("Where is my cat?"). In Henri Bué's French translation, Alice posits that the mouse may be Italian and speaks Italian to it.

Pat's "Digging for apples" could be a cross-language pun, as pomme de terre means potato and pomme means apple, which little English girls studying French would easily guess. [1]

Classical languages

In the second chapter, Alice initially addresses the mouse as "O Mouse", based on her vague memory of the noun declensions in her brother's textbook: "A mouse (nominative)- of a mouse (genitive)- to a mouse (dative)- a mouse (accusative)- O mouse! (vocative)." This corresponds to the traditional order that was established by Byzantine grammarians (and is still in standard use, except in the United Kingdom and some countries in Western Europe) for the five cases of Classical Greek; because of the absence of the ablative case, which Greek does not have but is found in Latin, the reference is apparently not to the latter as some have supposed.

At the Mad Tea Party, Alice is astonished not to have jam served because the rule is: "Jam yesterday, jam tomorrow but never jam today." This is a reference to the rule in Latin that the word iam or jam meaning now in the sense of already or at that time cannot be used to describe now in the present, which is nunc in Latin. Jam is therefore never available today.

Historical references

In the eighth chapter, three cards are painting the roses on a rose tree red, because they had accidentally planted a white-rose tree that the Queen of Hearts hates. Red roses symbolized the English House of Lancaster, while white roses were the symbol for their rival House of York. Therefore, this scene may contain a hidden allusion to the Wars of the Roses.[19]

The book has inspired numerous film and television adaptations. This list comprises only direct and complete adaptations of the original books. Sequels and works otherwise inspired by - but not actually based on - those books (such as Tim Burton's 2010 film Alice in Wonderland), appear in Works influenced by Alice in Wonderland.

* Alice in Wonderland (1903 film), silent film, directed by Cecil Hepworth and Percy Stow.
* Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1910 film), silent film, directed by Edwin Stanton Porter
* Alice in Wonderland (1915 film), silent film, directed by W. W. Young.
* Alice in Wonderland (1931 film), directed by Bud Pollard.
* Alice in Wonderland (1933 film) directed by Norman Z. McLeod
* Alice in Wonderland (1949 film), live-action/stop motion film with animation directed by Lou Bunin
* Alice in Wonderland (1951 film), Walt Disney Animation Studios traditional animation film
* Alice of Wonderland in Paris, 1966 animated film
* Alice in Wonderland (or What's a Nice Kid Like You Doing in a Place Like This?), 1966 Hanna-Barbera animated television movie
* Alice in Wonderland (1966 film), BBC television movie directed by Jonathan Miller
* Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1972 film), British musical film
* Alice in Wonderland (1976 film), pornographic film
* Alice (1981 film)
* Alisa v Strane Chudes, 1981 Kievnauchfilm traditional/cutout animation serial film directed by Yefrem Pruzhanskiy[20]
* Alice at the Palace, filmed performance of Elizabeth Swados's 1981 production Alice in Concert
* Alice in Wonderland (1983 film), filmed performance based on the 1982 Broadway revival
* Fushigi no Kuni no Alice, 1983 Nippon Animation anime television series
* Alice in Wonderland (1985 film), television movie
* Alice in Wonderland (1986 TV serial), 4×30 minute BBC TV adaptation written and directed by Barry Letts
* Alice in Wonderland (1988 film), a 51-minute direct-to-video animated film from Burbank Films Australia
* Neco z Alenky (1988 film), surrealist live-action/stop motion film directed by Jan Svankmajer; released on DVD in English as Alice by First Run Features
* Adventures in Wonderland (1991-1995 TV Series), Disney Channel series where Alice can go through her bedroom mirror to Wonderland
* Alice in Wonderland (1999 film), television movie
* Abby in Wonderland (2008 film), made as a Sesame Street Special; released directly to DVD
* Alice in Wonderland (2010 film) Disney film directed by Tim Burton is a sequel to the two Alice stories, making it a derivative work, instead of a true adaptation.

The book has inspired numerous comics adaptations.

* Walt Disney's Alice in Wonderland (Dell Comics, 1951)
* Walt Disney's Alice in Wonderland (Gold Key Comics, 1965)
* Walt Disney's Alice in Wonderland (Whitman, 1984)
* Alice in Wonderland (Antarctic Press, 2006, four issues)
* Wonderland (Slave Labor Graphics, 2006, six issues)
* Heart no Kuni no Alice (manga series, 2008, Hoshino Soumei)
* Pandora Hearts (manga series, 2006, Jun Mochizuki)
* Alice in Verse: The Lost Rhymes of Wonderland (Candleshoe Books, 2010, J.T. Holden)
* Are You Alice? a gothic manga retelling of Alice in Wonderland.

With the immediate popularity of the book, it did not take long for live performances to begin. One early example is Alice in Wonderland, a musical play by H. Saville Clark (book) and Walter Slaughter (music), which played in 1886 at the Prince of Wales Theatre in London.

As the book and its sequel are Carroll's most widely recognized works, they have also inspired numerous live performances, including plays, operas, ballets, and traditional English pantomimes. These works range from fairly faithful adaptations to those that use the story as a basis for new works. An example of the latter is The Eighth Square, a murder mystery set in Wonderland, written by Matthew Fleming and music and lyrics by Ben J. Macpherson. This goth-toned rock musical premiered in 2006 at the New Theatre Royal in Portsmouth, England. The TA Fantastika, a popular Black light theatre in Prague performs "Aspects of Alice"; written and directed by Petr Kratochvíl. This adaptation is not faithful to the books, but rather explores Alice's journey into adulthood while incorporating allusions to the history of Czech Republic.

Over the years, many notable people in the performing arts have been involved in Alice productions. Actress Eva Le Gallienne famously adapted both Alice books for the stage in 1932; this production has been revived in New York in 1947 and 1982. One of the most well-known American productions was Joseph Papp's 1980 staging of Alice in Concert at the Public Theater in New York City. Elizabeth Swados wrote the book, lyrics, and music. Based on both Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass, Papp and Swados had previously produced a version of it at the New York Shakespeare Festival. Meryl Streep played Alice, the White Queen, and Humpty Dumpty. The cast also included Debbie Allen, Michael Jeter, and Mark Linn-Baker. Performed on a bare stage with the actors in modern dress, the play is a loose adaptation, with song styles ranging the globe.

Similarly, the 1992 operatic production Alice used both Alice books as its inspiration. However, it also employs scenes with Charles Dodgson, a young Alice Liddell, and an adult Alice Liddell, to frame the story. Paul Schmidt wrote the play, with Tom Waits and Kathleen Brennan writing the music. Although the original production in Hamburg, Germany, received only a small audience, Tom Waits released the songs as the album Alice in 2002.

In addition to professional performances, school productions abound. Both high schools and colleges have staged numerous versions of Alice-inspired performances. The imaginative story and large number of characters are well-suited to such productions.

A large-scale operatic adaptation of the story by the Korean composer Unsuk Chin to an English language libretto by David Henry Hwang received its world premiere at the Bavarian State Opera on 30 June 2007.

In 1931, the book was banned in Hunan, China, because "animals should not use human language" and it "puts animals and human beings on the same level". In Woodsville High School in Haverhill, New Hampshire, the story also was banned, because it had "expletives, references to masturbation and sexual fantasies, and derogatory characterizations of teachers and of religious ceremonies".[21]

Alice and the rest of Wonderland continue to inspire or influence many other works of art to this day, sometimes indirectly via the Disney movie, for example. The character of the plucky, yet proper, Alice has proven immensely popular and inspired similar heroines in literature and pop culture, many also named Alice in homage.

All information contained here is from Wikipedia, located here.

References

1. ^ BBC's Greatest English Books list
2. ^ a b Lecercle, Jean-Jacques (1994) Philosophy of nonsense: the intuitions of Victorian nonsense literature Routledge, New York, page 1 and following, ISBN 0-415-07652-8
3. ^ a b Schwab, Gabriele (1996) "Chapter 2: Nonsense and Metacommunication: Alice in Wonderland" The mirror and the killer-queen: otherness in literary language Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, pp. 49-102, ISBN 0-253-33037-8
4. ^ "Story Museum - The real Alice". www.storymuseum.org.uk. http://www.storymuseum.org.uk/the-story-museum/familyevents/alice/the-real-alice. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
5. ^ The Background & History of Alice In Wonderland. Bedtime-Story Classics. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
6. ^ (Gardner, 1965)
7. ^ Only 23 copies of this first printing are known to have survived; 18 are owned by major archives or libraries, such as the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, while the other five are held in private hands.
8. ^ Carroll, Lewis (1995). The Complete, Fully Illustrated Works. New York: Gramercy Books. ISBN 0-517-10027-4.
9. ^ Page 11 of Introduction, by John Davies, of Ovenden, Graham (1972). The Illustrators of Alice. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 102.
10. ^ Basbanes, Nicholas (1999). A Gentle Madness: Bibliophiles, Bibliomanes, and the Eternal Passion for Books. Macmillan. ISBN 9780805061765.
11. ^ "Auction Record for an Original 'Alice'". The New York Times: p. B30. 11 December 1998. http://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/11/nyregion/auction-record-for-an-original-alice.html
12. ^ Real Alice in Wonderland book sells for $115,000 in USA http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/oxfordshire/8416127.stm
13. ^ The diary of Lewis Carroll, 1 August 1862 entry
14. ^ This particular usage may have been popularized by Jefferson Airplane's psychedelic-era song "White Rabbit", which has many allusions to the story; although the song itself may not be about a drug trip, it is generally categorized as psychedelic rock.
15. ^ "Ripon Tourist Information". Hello-Yorkshire.co.uk. http://www.hello-yorkshire.co.uk/ripon/tourist-information. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
16. ^ a b Gardner, Martin (1990). More Annotated Alice. New York: Random House. p. 363. ISBN 0-394-58571-2.
17. ^ Bayley, Melanie (2010-03-06). "Algebra in Wonderland". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/07/opinion/07bayley.html. Retrieved 2010-03-13.
18. ^ Devlin, Keith (March 2010). "The Hidden Math Behind Alice in Wonderland". Devlin's Angle. Mathematical Association of America. http://www.maa.org/devlin/devlin_03_10.html. Retrieved April 15, 2010.
19. ^ Other explanations | Lenny's Alice in Wonderland site
20. ^ "Alisa v Strane Chudes" (in Russian). Animator.ru. http://www.animator.ru/db/?p=show_film&fid=5750. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
21. ^ "Why was 'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland' banned?" The original reference (http://sshl.ucsd.edu/banned/books.html "Banned Books Week: 25 September-2 October) does not exist anymore (31. January 2010).