All Sorts Of Glass
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A CRAFT IS BORN
The earliest man-made glass objects, mainly non-transparent glass beads, are thought to date back to around 3500 BC, with finds in Egypt and Eastern Mesopotamia. In the third millennium, in central Mesopotamia, the basic raw materials of glass were being used principally to produce glazes on pots and vases. The discovery may have been coincidental, with calciferous sand finding its way into an overheated kiln and combining with soda to form a coloured glaze on the ceramics. It was then, above all, Phoenician merchants and sailors who spread this new art along the coasts of the Mediterranean.
The oldest fragments of glass vases (evidence of the origins of the hollow glass industry), however, date back to the 16th century BC and were found in Mesopotamia. Hollow glass production was also evolving around this time in Egypt, and there is evidence of other ancient glassmaking activities emerging independently in Mycenae (Greece), China and North Tyrol.
See our available vintage and antique glassware at our CHShops Mall Store at: Penny's Antiques & Wedgwood Pantry
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What You See Is What You Get
Contents
- Holiday Sale At Penny's Antiques & Wedgwood Pantry
- Depression Glass Continues to Brighten Tables Today
- What's New in Penny's Pantry
- Quotes of The Day
- Westmoreland Glass Company, Part I
- How To Identify Vintage Cut Crystal
- Indiana Glass Company History
- Depresssion Glass From A To Z, Part IV
- Penny's Potpurri
- Depression Glass From A To Z, Part III
- Our Favorite eCommerce Websites, Auctions, And Market Places
- Depression Glass From A To Z, Part II
- Our Favorite eCommerce Forums, Groups, and Marketing Resources
- Depression Glass From A To Z, Part l
- Our Favorite Blogs
- Ruby Red Depression Glass
- Our Squid Links
- Wilheim Wagenfeld, German Crystal Maker, Part 2 of 2
- Del.icio.us bookmarks
- Wilhelm Wagenfeld, German Crystal Glass Maker, Part I
- What is Pressed Glass?
- What Is Lead Crystal?
- Loetz, Part I
- Loetz, Part II of a Two-Part Article
- Reader Feedback
Holiday Sale At Penny's Antiques & Wedgwood Pantry
Shop For Your Christmas and other Holiday Gift Here
For all of November and December, every item in our online store will be 10% off! Take advantage of great bargains in antiques, vintage gifts, and collectibles for your holiday shopping.Pictured here: SPI Strategy Magazine and Game, Unpunched, Issue #91, Winter 1983. The game is RDF, Rapid Deployment Force. See this and other collectible gift items SPI S&T Game & Magazine
New listings at Penny's Antiques & Wedgwood Pantry:
1. SPI S&T Game & Magazine
2. Vintage Ceramic Christmas Gift Box
3. Blown Glass Large Vintage Green Snake Vase
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Depression Glass Continues to Brighten Tables Today
Exerpts from an article by Debra Muller Price
During the 1930's,the best things in life were free. The colorful molded-glass tableware that later became known as Depression Glass was no exception. Promotional giveaways of depression glass could be found in theaters, inside oatmeal boxes and sacks of flour; and individual pieces often sold for mere pennies at the five-and-dime stores.
Depression Glass came in a variety of patterns like Cabbage Rose, Cherry Blossom, Dogwood, Pyramid and Tea Room. The colors were a rainbow--from soft pink to sunny yellow to sky blue; but green quickly emerged as a favorite.
Although an enormous amount of Depression Glass was produced, the vast majority of pieces wound up being relegated to the attic or discarded in favor of postwar products. It reminded people of the hard times of the 1930's, and Americans were ready to put those memories out of sight.
Depression Glass was all but forgotten until the 1970's, when collectors began to rediscover its inherent charms.Depression Glass looks pretty on the table and there is also a sentimental connection for many collectors, as it reminds them of their growing up time and their parents during the depression years in the U.S.A.
Pictured above: Ruby Red Depression Glass Tidbit Dish available at: Penny's Antiques & Wedgwood Pantry.
Penny and Doug
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Quote of the Day:
"The cause of America is in a great measure the cause of all mankind." --Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776
What's New in Penny's Pantry
You Never Know What You Will Find In Our Pantry
Quotes of The Day
From The Founding Fathers
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"If, from the more wretched parts of the old world, we look at those which are in an advanced stage of improvement, we still find the greedy hand of government thrusting itself into every corner and crevice of industry, and grasping the spoil of the multitude. Invention is continually exercised, to furnish new pretenses for revenues and taxation. It watches prosperity as its prey and permits none to escape without tribute." --Thomas Paine, Rights of Man, 1791
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"It is a happy circumstance in human affairs that evils which are not cured in one way will cure themselves in some other." --Thomas Jefferson, letter to John Sinclair, 1791
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"There is but one straight course, and that is to seek truth and pursue it steadily." --George Washington
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Penny and Doug
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Westmoreland Glass Company, Part I
Milk Glass and Company Marks
Westmoreland Glass CompanyAn Introduction including Milk Glass and Company Marks
By Pamela Wiggins, About.com
Westmoreland Glass Milk - In the Beginning
Westmoreland Specialty Company grew out of Specialty Glass Company when the business moved from East Liverpool, Ohio to Grapeville, Pennsylvania in the late 1880s. In 1890, the company began producing high quality glass in pot furnaces at its new Grapeville factory.
In the early 1900s glass containers holding condiments such as vinegar, mustard, and lemon flavoring were made and distributed by Westmoreland. During the World War I era, the company manufactured glass candy containers distributed by newsstands and dime stores. These types of endeavors were eventually abandoned as unprofitable, according to a letter published on the National Westmoreland Glass Collectors Club Web site.
In 1924, Westmoreland Specialty Company became Westmoreland Glass Company to thwart confusion about wares being distributed by the business. Glass was the only product being distributed from the Grapeville factory at that time.
Westmoreland suffered through the Depression in the 1930s like many other glass companies, but never ceased production. The company reorganized in 1937 with further funds risked by the Brainard family who had partnered with the West family to operate the factory since the late 1800s. James J. Brainard became president in 1937, and served in that capacity until 1953 when his son, James H. Brainard, became the head of the organization after his father's death.
Westmoreland's Milk Glass
Even in the early years, milk glass was the most remarkable product Westmoreland manufactured. In fact, this company was one of the most prolific producers of fine quality milk glass in the United States, according to the Collector's Encyclopedia of Milk Glass by Betty and Bill Newbound. This includes the ever-popular hen on nest covered dishes, which were made of more delicate milk glass in comparison to that produced from the 1940s on.
One of the most well-known patterns of later milk glass made by Westmoreland, while there were a number, is Paneled Grape. Text from a brochure published in the Newbound's book notes this pattern marketed as "reproduction" glass marked with the WG mark (shown above). Apparently Paneled Grape was first made in the late 1800s by Westmoreland along with other glass makers, but what most collectors find on the secondary market today is the later glass which is thicker and whiter in comparison to early milk glass wares.
The Newbounds report the following Westmoreland marks on milk glass:
%u2022W within a keystone - 1910-1929
%u2022WG stacked mark - first used in the late 1940s (shown above)
%u2022WESTMORELAND within a circle - around 1982
Several different paper labels were also used by Westmoreland throughout the years.
To Be Continued
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Picture shown here: Hen On Nest Covered Dish
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How To Identify Vintage Cut Crystal
Sunday, May 3, 2009
How To Identify Vintage Cut Crystalby eHow Hobbies, Games & Toys Editor
Introduction
Cut crystal has been a favorite heirloom to pass down to generations for hundreds of years. Many manufacturers over the years have created some gorgeous designs. You'll find vintage cut crystal in the form of wine and water glasses, decanters, bowls, plates and other fine cut crystal items.
Instructions
Step One, Look for a manufacturer's signature on the item when you try to identify vintage cut crystal. The name of the manufacturer is usually acid-etched on the bottom of the piece. For instance, the name "Waterford" (an Irish company that leads in cut crystal creation, especially for the bridal market) might appear on the bottom of a wine glass or water goblet. But not all vintage cut crystal can be identified this way. Not all name brand pieces were marked by the manufacturer and some patterns are so old that they can't be traced back to a company.
Step Two, Identify vintage cut crystal by examining the pattern. As the name implies, cut crystal has shapes, designs, patterns and prisms cut into the glass. Distinctive elegant patterns are often seen in Victorian era pieces. Beautifully enameled colors that trim the cut crystal designs are often found also, especially in the Victorian.
Step Three, Try the age-old test of fine crystal collectors in the United States and abroad when you want to identify vintage cut crystal. Flick the tip of your finger against the edge of a cut crystal glass. It should ring with an echoing musical tone created by vibration.
Step Four, Taste wine from a wine glass that you think is vintage cut crystal. Whether vintage, or recently manufactured, many wine experts insist that fine cut crystal makes the wine zip with a clearer, crisper taste. Wine tasters have been able to tell the difference in imitation cut glass and fine cut crystal simply by comparing the taste of wine from each glass. Experts say that when you examine a fine cut crystal glass under a microscope, you can see that the glass has a coarse, uneven surface. This texture and surface is what magnifies the taste of the wine.
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Pictures above: Not a cut crystal vase, but a blown crystal vase manufactured by W. Wagenfeld, a German glass company; and available from our CHShops Online Mall Store at: Penny's Antiques & Wedgwood Pantry
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Indiana Glass Company History
Wednesday, Feb. 11, 2009The Indiana Glass Company began as part of the Ohio Flint Glass Company which was later sold to the National Glass Company. They officially became Indiana Glass Company in 1907. They produced a wide variety of glass items in a wide array of colors. The Indiana Carnival (Iridescent) is probably the most popular. In 1983 Lancaster Colony purchased the company. Lancaster Colony closed the factory in 2002.
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Depresssion Glass From A To Z, Part IV
Saturday, April 11, 2009
Pineapple & floral (no 618)Indiana reissued the diamond shaped comport and the 7 inch bowl in pink, cobalt, avocado, and crystal with sprayed on colors. Only crystal was originally made so the other colors are no problem. Both items tend to be roughly molded and heavier than the originals. The new 7 inch bowls also have smooth rims instead of the wavy rim that the old bowls have.
Princess
Candy jars and shakers have shown up in cobalt, amber, light blue, pink and green. Both are poor quality, badly molded with bubbles and a greasy feel to the glass. The colors are wrong and some are marked 'china' with a paper label.
Pyramid (no.610)
In 1974-5, indiana produced the berry bowl, 4 part relish, and tumbler, in blue and black as part of their tiara line. These colors were never made originally.
Royal lace
The cookie jar, juice and water tumbler have been reproduced in cobalt blue. Cookie jar: the mold is very poor, with lots of bubbles in the glass and a very weak pattern. Old lids should have a mod seam running across the knob (divides the lid into 2 halves.) New ones are missing this seam. Tumblers: some are missing the design in the base. Thicker glass and shorter than the originals with too much glass in the bottom of the tumbler. To Be Continued.
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See our available depression glass at our CHShops Online Mall Store at: Penny's Antiques & Wedgwood Pantry
Pictured above: Anchor Hocking Depression Glass Ruby Red Ivy Bowl for sale at our online mall store.
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Depression Glass From A To Z, Part III
Sunday, April 5, 2009
LorainIn the 1950's, the footed sherbet with an open lace edge was produced in milk glass and avocado for use as a florist bowl - colors never made during the depression. These were probably made by anchor hocking instead of indiana - who produced lorain originally - as some have been found with hocking's paper labels.
Madrid
In 1976, federal reissued this pattern for the bicentennial under the name "recollection". Pieces were made in amber, but marked with a 76 in the design to distinguish old from new. Indiana glass bought the molds when federal closed, removed the 76 and made crystal. Since then, pieces have been made in blue, pink and a light 'coke bottle green-blue' color. The new blue is brighter than the original color, the new pink is too light. Many pieces have been made, some by combining two old items into a new one: the candlestick on a 10 inch plate became the pedestal cake stand; a tumbler on the candlestick base is sold as a hurricane lamp/vase, and the butter dish on the candlestick makes the footed candy dish. Reproductions of old pieces tend to be too heavy, the wrong color and sloppily molded. Study your depression glass encyclopedia so you know what's original and what's not.
Manhattan
Similar to manhattan, anchor hocking produced 'park avenue' from 1987-93 and then again in the late 1990's in crystal and light 'sapphire blue.' light blue was never made, and shapes were changed so as to maintain the integrity of the original crystal pieces. If you find something that's not listed in the depression glass encyclopedias, it's part of the park avenue line not manhattan.
Mayfair (open rose)
Cookie jars, shot glasses, small juice pitchers and salt/pepper shakers have been reproduced in pink (more orange than the original, green (both too dark and the wrong shade), cobalt, amethyst, red, amberina, and pink slag. The pattern is very weak on all items; pitcher and cookie bottoms lack the circular mold mark on the bottom, the shots have too much glass in the bottom.
Miss America
Reproduced in pink, green( wrong shade) red amberina, cobalt, crystal and ice blue as follows: repro flat tumblers have 2 mold seams instead of 4. Repro pitchers are missing the ice lip and the 'hump' in the top edge that old pitchers have by the handle to help grasp when pouring. New shakers are 3 1/4 inch tall and have too much glass on the inside - old are 3 3/8 inch tall and fill all the way to the bottom with salt. New butter dishes have a lump of glass sticking out (convex) under the knob; old are concave (curved in). To be continued.
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Pictured Here: Anchor Hocking Depression Glass Ruby Red Rose Vase available at our CHShops.com Online Mall Store at: Penny's Antiques & Wedgwood Pantry
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Depression Glass From A To Z, Part II
March 29, 2009
Floral PoinsettiaThese shakers can be found in colbalt blue, red and deep green, which are all reproductions as none of those colors were made. The pink however was made originally and the pink reproduction is very close to that original color.
The reproduction shakers will give you a continuous threading on the screw on top, while the older one will have a pair of threads that will end prior to the mold seams.
Additionally, you will find that the pattern is on top of the base on the new shakers and under the base on the old ones, so that you have to turn them over to see the base pattern.
Florentine 1
Shakers have been found in pink, red, and cobalt. The pattern is very badly done, red & cobalt are not original colors.
Florentine 2
Pitcher & tumbler sets in red, dark green, cobalt, and two different pinks have been made. None of these colors were originally made.
Iris & herringbone
The reproduction iris & herringbone, 6 inch, crystal, water tumblers, and the originals are both the exact same size. They both have the smooth rays on the foot. Although the repro's ray edges may be just slightly sharper than on the originals, but it's probably way too close for the novice collector to tell the difference. The herringbone pattern is one key. It's not even near as clear, sharp and vivid as on the originals. But still close enough to fool even a good eye.
Now%u2026just like on the 6 1/2 inch ice tea tumbler, one quick way to tell the difference is, flip your tumbler upside down. Can you see the "mold" line at all on the foot? On the originals, the "mold" line is "very" visible when you look at it from this perspective. However, with the reproduction tumbler, if you have a very good eye and or an magnifying glass, you might could see the "mold" line when looking at it from the bottom side. If you have to look that hard to see it, it's probably a reproduction.
One other way to tell is, on the original 6 inch water tumbler, just like on the original 6 1/2 inch ice tea tumbler, there are (4) sides to each of these tumblers. Let me explain. There are (4) iris flower designs. The two opposite each other should be exactly the same identical design, matching each other perfectly. If there's any difference at all, then it's probably a reproduction.
You can't tell the difference between the two by feeling the hole in the bottom of the tumbler foot. They both have the exact same type and style of hole in them both, with the exact same number of rays on the foot as well.
One sure fire way to tell if your 6 inch water tumbler is the "real deal" or not is, just to the right of the iris flower design, you have a very long stem, kind of thick one, coming from the bottom of the tumbler to the top edge of the flower on the right side of the flower, curving slightly to the left at the top as it ends. It has been crossed, or x 'ed towards the top of the stem, with a partial stem. If you turn the tumbler to the exact opposite side it should match exactly. If it doesn't and it's only half x'ed, or not x'ed at all, it's an reproduction. The opposing sides will not match this side, the pattern is different, but should match each other exactly perfectly as well. To be continued
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Pictured above: Ruby Red Depression Glass Ivy Bowl by Anchor Hocking
See our selection of Depression Glass at our CHShops Online Mall Store at: Penny's Antiques & Wedgwood Pantry
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Depression Glass From A To Z, Part l
March 22, 2009
For many years depression glass has been reproduced by companies all over the world. Some of the patterns and things you may see from those companies are listed below. (We gratefully acknowledge the research work of the Glass Reproduction website, as well as About.com for some of this information).Adam
Butter dish- on the green reproduction you will see that the veins in the leaves on lid do not join or touch in center of leaf, bottom: on the old, large leaves point to center of each side (north, south, east, west) on the reproduction, they point off center (northeast, etc) very poor mold quality will show up on both top and bottom.
Avocado
Avocado was originally made in pink, green and crystal: white pitcher & tumbler sets were made by Indiana Glass in the 1950's. Yellow, red, blue, amethyst and frosted colors are all reproductions which were made by Tiara from 1974 through the 1980's. Pink and green were also made by Tiara but are different from the original colors as follows: new pink has an orange-ish tint rather than the soft pink of the old color. The newer green is darker than the original one was.
Baltimore pear
Compote, marked with a paper label on the base, made in France.
Cameo
The Shakers have been made in green, pink and cobalt. On the reproductions the patternis weak, with a little too much glass in the bottom of shaker, and additionally the cobalt was never originally made. Above the foot is filled in with about 1/4-1/2 of glass. Mosser company has made a line of children's miniature sets (called 'the Jennifer line') with the cameo pattern. As children's dishes were never made, these miniatures don't present a problem telling reproductions from originals.
Cherry blossom
The following pieces have been reproduced in any or all of these colors: pink, green, light blue, delphite, cobalt, red and iridized colors. The only original colors that were made were the pink, green and delphite, and some of these reproductions are quite good so they may fool you. The round 2 handled tray, footed cake plate, cereal bowl, footed tumbler, butter dish and a divided platter are among those things that have been reproduced. As a general rule you're going to find that the reproduction pieces are less carefully molded, with the pattern more crudely in place, branches and leaves on the blossom pattern will lack the original serrated texture of the leaves and the bark of the branch. The flowers will not look as detailed to you. The pieces are also somewhat heavier in glass than the originals.
Columbia
Juice glasses will be marked "France"
To be Continued
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Ruby Red Depression Glass
Patented by Anchor Hocking
Manufacturer:Anchor Hocking Glass Company
Dates Manufactured:
1938 to 1960s
Colors:
Ruby Red
This started as a Depression Glass item but continued on for many years beyond the depression era. This is a very popular pattern that is widely available at very affordable prices. Anchor Hocking began making glassware in the Royal Ruby color in 1938, using their existing patterns. The "Royal Ruby" name is patented by Anchor Hocking, so only glassware made by them can be called by that name. As it was made for many, many years, there is an almost endless variety of pieces available. Most of the pieces in the market today, however, were made in the 40s, 50s and 60s.
There are also some very rare pieces of Royal Ruby, including pieces made in the Miss America pattern. Other Anchor Hocking patterns that were made in Royal Ruby include Oyster and Pearl, Coronation, Colonial, Ring, Manhattan, Queen Mary, Early American Prescut, Bubble and Charm. The pieces made in the Charm and Bubble patterns are by far the most widely available. The Royal Ruby goblets with crystal (or clear) stems are called "Boopies" by collectors.
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Pictured above: Ruby Red Depresssion Glass Tumbler, available at our CHShops Mall Store at: Penny's Antiques & Wedgwood Pantry
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Wilheim Wagenfeld, German Crystal Maker, Part 2 of 2
Saturday, March 07, 2009One of Wagenfeld's most successful posts was as artistic director (1935-44) of the Vereinigte Lausitzer Glaswerke (VLG) in Weisswasser. With his team of colleagues, which included such people as Heinrich Löffelhardt (1901-79) and Hermann Gretsch (1895-1950), he produced high-quality functional glassware sold under the name of Rautenglas. He also carried out decisive improvements in the field of compressed glass, an important result of which is the Kubusgeschirr storage ware (1938), rectangular stackable containers of various sizes (Berlin, Tiergarten, Kstgewmus., 1981, 108).
World War II brought Wagenfeld's career at VLG to an end. After military service and a period as a prisoner in the USSR (1944-5), he went to Dresden (1946), before spending two years in Berlin (1947-9), where his posts included a professorship at the Hochschule für Bildende Künste. From 1949 he was based in Stuttgart. After a brief period as an industrial design consultant (1949-50), Wagenfeld devoted himself exclusively to independent work as a designer and model-maker in manufacturing industry, working from 1954 to 1978 in his own workshop with a small team of colleagues. He also worked for a number of firms including WMF/Geislingen (hollow stainless steel and silverware, cutlery, glass containers), Peill & Putzler/Düren (drinking glasses and lamps), Lindner GmbH/Bamberg (lamps) and Joh. Buchsteiner/Gingen Fils (plastic ware). He designed services and other consumer products for the porcelain industry (Rosenthal AG/Selb; Fürstenberg/Weser).
Wagenfeld discussed his aims and experiences in a large number of publications. His work was not concerned with selective improvements but with generally raising the level of quality of industrial consumer items, a task that would have been impossible without the equally important contribution of those involved in the production process. Walter Gropius described Wagenfeld's work as a consistent application of the ideas of the Werkbund and the Bauhaus in his emphasis on socially responsible work. His designs are characterized by their functionalism and unobtrusive beauty and by being reworked several times.
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Wilhelm Wagenfeld, German Crystal Glass Maker, Part I
Wagenfeld Crystal Known Worldwide
Wilhelm Wagenfeld was a German industrial designer and printmaker. He began his artistic training as an apprentice in the design office of a Bremen silverware factory (1914-18) and attended lessons in script and drawing at the local Kunstgewerbeschule (1916-19). A grant enabled him to continue his studies at the famous Zeichenakademie in Hanau (1919-22), where he received a varied training including silversmithing, engraving, design and modelling. The graphic works that he produced in 1920-23 were probably made during a short stay in Bremen and at the Worpswede artists' colony; they are mostly woodcuts and engravings with religious themes, for example Death and the Virgin (woodcut, 1921; Bremen, Focke-Mus.), motifs from everyday life and the world of work. These are mostly in a brittle style, expressing themes of destruction, hunger, pain, suffering and death. By 1923 the themes became more optimistic and were depicted with a soft voluminosity.In 1923 Wagenfeld entered the metal workshop of the Weimar Bauhaus, where he worked under László Moholy-Nagy. He submitted a gravy-boat for his apprenticeship examinations in 1923. His time at the Bauhaus was the beginning of a long and fruitful period as a designer and model-maker of industrially-produced consumer goods that made him famous worldwide. In 1923-4, in collaboration with Karl J. Jucker, he created the famous Bauhaus table-lamp, with hemispherical frosted-glass shade, glass stem and base, which has continued to be reproduced since the first models were made (Berlin, Tiergarten, Kstgewmus., 1983, 73; 1972, 46). Its construction and design, aimed at industrial production, demonstrated the spirit of the industry-oriented second Bauhaus phase (from c. 1925).
From 1926 to 1930 Wagenfeld became an assistant in the metal workshop of the Staatliche Bauhochschule in Weimar. He worked mostly on models of lamps and household objects such as bowls and kettles for various companies (including the Bau- und Wohnungskunst GmbH, Weimar). After the closure of the school (1930), the Finance Ministry of Thüringen commissioned him to improve the quality of glass production by the glass-blowers in the Thüringer Wald. Wagenfeld's committed attempts to do this failed owing to the lack of cooperation of those involved. A year later he held a professorship at the Staatliche Kunsthochschule in Berlin (1931-5), also working at the Schott & Gen. glassworks in Jena (1931-5). Under his artistic direction the company produced many household containers made of heat-resistant glass, for example the Wagenfeld tea service (1930-34), which retained its popularity owing to its elegance (Berlin, Tiergarten, Kstgewmus., 1975, 44; 1986, 9). The functional and unpretentious beauty of these Jena glass products was influential on other manufacturers. To be continued.
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Pictured above: Vintage Wagenfeld blown crystal vase, available at our CHShops.com Mall Store at Penny's Antiques & Wedgwood Pantry.
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What is Pressed Glass?
What is Pressed Glass?Pressed glass is a form of glass made using a plunger to press molten glass into a mold. It was first patented by American inventor John P. Bakewell in 1825 to make knobs for furniture.
The technique was developed in the United States from the 1820s and in Europe, particularly France, Bohemia, and Sweden from the 1830s. By the mid-19th century most inexpensive mass-produced glassware was pressed. One type of pressed glass is carnival glass. The method is also used to make beads.
Pictured to the right: Carnival Glass available at our CHShops.com Mall Store at Penny's Antiques & Wedgwood Pantry.
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What Is Lead Crystal?
Lead crystal (also called crystal) is lead glass that has been hand- or machine-cut with facets. Lead oxide added to the molten glass gives lead crystal a much higher index of refraction than normal glass, and consequently much greater "sparkle" by increasing specular reflection and the range of angles of total internal reflection. Ordinary glass has a refractive index of n=1.5, whereas the addition of lead produces a range up to 1.7. This heightened RI also raises the correlating index of dispersion, which measures the degree to which a medium separates light into its component spectra, as in a prism. The presence of lead also makes the glass softer and easier to cut. Crystal can consist of up to 35% lead, at which point it has the most sparkle. The higher lead content also makes it much more difficult to form crystal during manufacturing.Makers of lead crystal objects include Baccarat and J.G.Durand (Arc International) in France, Royal Leerdam Crystal of the Netherlands, Steuben Glass in the United States, Waterford Crystal in Ireland, Mikasa in Japan, Liuligongfang in Taiwan, Swarovski in Austria, Preciosa in Czech Republic and Roga%u0161ka Crystal in Slovenia.
It has been proposed that the historic association of gout with the upper classes in Europe and America was, in part, caused by their extensive use of lead crystal decanters to store fortified wines and whisky. Lin, et al. have statistical evidence linking gout to lead poisoning.
Significant amounts of lead can migrate from lead crystal containers into beverages stored in them. Lead crystal typically contains 24-35 percent lead oxide. In a study performed at North Carolina State University, the amount of lead migration was measured for port wine stored in lead crystal decanters. After two days, lead levels were 89 µg/L (micrograms per liter). After four months, lead levels were between 2,000 and 5,000 µg/L. White wine doubled its lead content within an hour of storage and tripled it within four hours. Some brandy stored in lead crystal for over five years had lead levels around 20,000 µg/L. To put this into perspective, EPA's lead standard for drinking water is 15 µg/L = 15ppb. Citrus juices and infant formula leach lead from crystal just as effectively as alcoholic beverages[citation needed]. Several companies do make lead crystal baby bottles and it is suspected they may present a health danger to infants.
Pictured above: Small lead crystal vintage bowl, made in Italy and available at our CHShops.com Mall Store at Penny's Antiques & Wedgwood Pantry.
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Loetz, Part I
December 16, 2008 - TuesdayLoetz Glass, Part I
There had been a glass works on the Loetz site since 1836. This was in Bohemia, now the Czech Republic. After several changes of ownership, in 1851, it was owned by a Dr Franz Gertsner and his wife, Susanna. Susanna had already inherited some other glassworks when a previous husband had died, and now in 1852 she now owned this new site.
She changed its' name to Johann Lotz Witwe (Johan Lotz Widow). It was eventually to become Lotz, and at this stage it was commonly used in the Anglicised form, Loetz. Signatures on the glass are found with both forms of the name. In the 1880's it was making streaked glass, which imitated stones such as agate and onyx, often embellished with gilding or enamel. Their Onyx glass, was a streaked brown glass, and Cornelian, a streaked red glass.
They went on to produce other imitation stoneware such as chalcedony, aventurine and jasper. Loetz are reputed to have made a form of Intarsia. Max Ritter von Spaun, Susanna's grandson, inherited the factory in 1879. This was to be a time of great expansion and experimentation, and in 1895 was beginning to produce iridescent glassware, which was similar to Tiffany Favrile, but executed in its own very special European style. They started by adding iridescence to Cornelian glass.
To Be Continued.
Pictured above: Iridescent Green Snake Vase Unsigned Loetz. This vase is available at our CHShops Mall Store at Penny's Antiques & Wedgwood Pantry.
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Loetz, Part II of a Two-Part Article
Thursday, December 25, 2008Loetz, Part II of a Two-Part Article
Loetz glass was now exported and exhibited across the world. Bakalowitz & Sohn were their distributers in Vienna, F. Kraska & Co. in London, Salon Diespeker in Paris, Ludwig Frenkel in Berlin, and Ernst Cordes in Hamburg. They began to develop even more varied techniques. 'Octopus' is sensational. It consists of a glass with an air-trap design and a casing probably in clear glass, and is finely gilded in a continuous wriggle of gold. In 1893, they produced 'Columbia' glass for the World Fair in Chicago. This was an iridescent Venetian style glass with applied medallions of Columbus. The famous 'Papillon' glass in 1899, was an iridescent glass with a concentrated and random spotted effect, often in blue, red or gold. 'Phanomenon' was also iridescent, but this time consisted of fine and concentrated trails of glass embedded into the surface. In 1901 Loetz did a series of shells in the Phanomenon decoration. 'Rusticana' was slightly less exuberant with a plainer colouring, still iridescent, and with a surface moulded to give a feel of bark striations and dimples. 'Formosa' consisted of raised applied glass threads zig-zaging around the main body of the glass vase.
But this just scratches at the surface of the range of decoration invented by Loetz. The shapes were predominantly Art Nouveau and there were many thousands of shapes developed at this peak in their output. Shapes included Persian perfume sprinklers, vases with dented and pushed in sides, and many with applied handles. Famous designers who worked for them include Koloman Moser, Marie Kirschner, Joseph Hoffmann, Otto Prutscher, Dagobert Peche, Michel Powolny and Leopold Bauer. Designs by Kirschner and Moser tended to be simple and geometric. Kirschner studied painting and had designed and painted wall hangings before designing for Loetz. Whilst at Loetz she produced more than two hundred designs. Many are in a slightly iridescent translucent purple or cream coloured glass, with applied geometric handles but with no further ornamentation. Koloman Mosers glass was iridescent with strong geometric shapes and many applied handles or loops. While Bauers designs were more figurative and irregular.
In 1904 Loetz began to introduce strongly contrasting glass colours, such as orange changing into blue or yellow into purple via trails and spots of very high iridescence splattered randomly around the glass. Adolf Beckert became artistic director in 1911, and began a series of enamelled tableware in clear and frosted glass. Generally the enamels depicted animals and birds. Also a new range of acid cut cameo with birds, flowers and landscapes. It was very different to the earlier iridescent designs. Loetz went bankrupt in 1911, and eventually became a public company after the First World War. Sadly the company suffered a fire in 1930 and then ceased during the Second World War. Signed Loetz was generally made for export.
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