Apostrophes: Where Do They Go?
I'm here today to talk to you about a terrible tragedy that's sweeping our planet. It's not the disappearance of your favorite brands from the store courtesy of those dastardly Brand Police, nor is it the scented kitty litter that makes your pet smell weird.
It's apostrophe abuse.
Those poor, lost, lonely apostrophes -- you see them everywhere, but these days they seem to be looking for love in all the wrong places. Nearly every day, I spot another apostrophe being abused or misused, far from where it belongs.
Think about it. Punctuation helps us make sense. Look at these two sentences:
No, really?
No, really!
They mean very different things, don't they? You can't put question marks where exclamation points go, or vice versa.
Yet many people use apostrophes where they don't belong, and forget them where they DO belong. English is confusing enough without random apostrophes wandering around! Just like exclamation points and question marks, apostrophes change the meaning of a sentence, depending on where they are used.
So I'm going to teach you how to help these poor stray apostrophes find their way home.
Don't worry. You don't have to be a grammar nitpicker or an English teacher to understand these lessons.
P.S. Try the Apostrophe Quiz at the end to practice!
The Three Uses of Apostrophes
Apostrophes belong in just three places. That's it!
- Contractions.
- Possessive Nouns.
- Nested Quotations.
Apostrophe Usage Crib Sheet
Want a summary of apostrophe usage you can print out for students or yourself? Click here to open a crib sheet on a separate page. Otherwise, read on. By the end of this page, you won't need a crib sheet!
Use Apostrophes with Contractions
Put 'Em Where They Ain't
Contractions are two or more words squished together.
When you squish words together, letters tend to drop out. The apostrophe shows some letters are missing.
For example:
they are --> they're
it is time --> it's time
where did he go? --> where'd he go?
2007 --> '07
could have --> could've
nine of the clock --> nine o' clock
Contractions are informal, so you shouldn't use them in formal research papers or magazine articles. But they show the way people really talk, so they're useful for writing down conversations. Also, they sound more friendly.
When you squish words together, letters tend to drop out. The apostrophe shows some letters are missing.
For example:
they are --> they're
it is time --> it's time
where did he go? --> where'd he go?
2007 --> '07
could have --> could've
nine of the clock --> nine o' clock
Contractions are informal, so you shouldn't use them in formal research papers or magazine articles. But they show the way people really talk, so they're useful for writing down conversations. Also, they sound more friendly.
What's Wrong With This Picture?
Pop Quiz #1
OOPS TIME!
Something is wrong with this picture. Can you spot the mistake?
Hold your cursor over the picture or check the bottom of the page for the answer.
Image courtesy of duncan on Flickr through a Creative Commons license.
Something is wrong with this picture. Can you spot the mistake?
Hold your cursor over the picture or check the bottom of the page for the answer.
Image courtesy of duncan on Flickr through a Creative Commons license.
Possessive Nouns
Owned!
Possessive noun? What's that again?
Noun: Well, remember the old song? "A noun is a person, place, or thing."
Possession means ownership, so a possessive noun is a noun that owns another noun. Add 's to the end of a noun to show that it is the owner.
With possessive nouns, the apostrophe shows who owns what.
For example:
the dog's nose
John's car
America's soldiers
in a year's time
women's t-shirts
If you think about it, the apostrophe is indicating missing letters here, too -- namely, the word "of". The dog's nose is short for the nose of the dog.
So one way to check yourself whenever you use an apostrophe with a noun is to ask yourself, "what letters are missing?"
What about words that already end in s?
In that case, just add the apostrophe, not another s.
For example:
Massachussetts' governor
my lens' title
And for plurals:
the dogs' noses (This shows that we're talking about more than one dog.)
the Joneses' house
Nitpicky exception:
If a SINGULAR proper name (a capitalized name) ends in s, then add 's even though it looks funny.
For example:
Tom Jones's tie
Descartes's philosophy
Tom Jone's tie is NOT correct, because his name is Jones not Jone.
What about two names separated by "and"?
Ooooh, you're being nitpicky here, aren't you? Well, just in case it ever comes up, here's what you do.
If you're talking about both nouns owning or having the same thing, put the 's after the last owner:
Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure
But if you're talking about separate ownership, then each owner gets his own 's:
Bill's and Ted's underwear (They're not wearing the same pair of underwear.)
But those are all rare special cases. 90% of the time, add 's to make a noun own another noun. Apostrophe + s means possession, NOT plural.
Noun: Well, remember the old song? "A noun is a person, place, or thing."
Possession means ownership, so a possessive noun is a noun that owns another noun. Add 's to the end of a noun to show that it is the owner.
With possessive nouns, the apostrophe shows who owns what.
For example:
the dog's nose
John's car
America's soldiers
in a year's time
women's t-shirts
If you think about it, the apostrophe is indicating missing letters here, too -- namely, the word "of". The dog's nose is short for the nose of the dog.
So one way to check yourself whenever you use an apostrophe with a noun is to ask yourself, "what letters are missing?"
What about words that already end in s?
In that case, just add the apostrophe, not another s.
For example:
Massachussetts' governor
my lens' title
And for plurals:
the dogs' noses (This shows that we're talking about more than one dog.)
the Joneses' house
Nitpicky exception:
If a SINGULAR proper name (a capitalized name) ends in s, then add 's even though it looks funny.
For example:
Tom Jones's tie
Descartes's philosophy
Tom Jone's tie is NOT correct, because his name is Jones not Jone.
What about two names separated by "and"?
Ooooh, you're being nitpicky here, aren't you? Well, just in case it ever comes up, here's what you do.
If you're talking about both nouns owning or having the same thing, put the 's after the last owner:
Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure
But if you're talking about separate ownership, then each owner gets his own 's:
Bill's and Ted's underwear (They're not wearing the same pair of underwear.)
But those are all rare special cases. 90% of the time, add 's to make a noun own another noun. Apostrophe + s means possession, NOT plural.
What's Wrong With This Picture?
Pop Quiz #2
OOPS TIME!
Something is wrong with this picture. Can you spot the mistake?
Hold your cursor over the picture or check the bottom of the page for the answer.
Image courtesy of duncan on Flickr through a Creative Commons license.
Something is wrong with this picture. Can you spot the mistake?
Hold your cursor over the picture or check the bottom of the page for the answer.
Image courtesy of duncan on Flickr through a Creative Commons license.
Nested Quotes
He Said That She Said...
Double quotation marks show that you're writing down what somebody said.
What if your narrator is reporting what
somebody else said?
Then you use double quotes for the outer quote, and single quotes for the inner one:
"You know," Jane said, "This is where Han Solo would say, 'I have a bad feeling about this.'"
In nested quotes, single quotes enclose a remark heard secondhand.
Just to be confusing, in older books published in Britain, you'll see it the other way around: the single quotes may go around the outer, main quotation, and the double quotes then go around the inner one. Nowadays, most British writers follow the rule I gave above.
Nitpicker's note: Technically, single quotes and apostrophes are not quite the same beastie. The former are used for quotes, the latter to indicate possession or a dropped letter. But we usually use the same punctuation mark for both, so I cover them here.
What if your narrator is reporting what
somebody else said?Then you use double quotes for the outer quote, and single quotes for the inner one:
"You know," Jane said, "This is where Han Solo would say, 'I have a bad feeling about this.'"
In nested quotes, single quotes enclose a remark heard secondhand.
Just to be confusing, in older books published in Britain, you'll see it the other way around: the single quotes may go around the outer, main quotation, and the double quotes then go around the inner one. Nowadays, most British writers follow the rule I gave above.
Nitpicker's note: Technically, single quotes and apostrophes are not quite the same beastie. The former are used for quotes, the latter to indicate possession or a dropped letter. But we usually use the same punctuation mark for both, so I cover them here.
What's Wrong With This Picture?
Pop Quiz #3
OOPS TIME!
Something is wrong with this picture. Can you spot the mistake?
Hold your cursor over the picture or check the bottom of the page for the answer.
Image courtesy of duncan on Flickr through a Creative Commons license.
Something is wrong with this picture. Can you spot the mistake?
Hold your cursor over the picture or check the bottom of the page for the answer.
Image courtesy of duncan on Flickr through a Creative Commons license.
Amusing Assaults on the English Language
The Anguished English series memorializes howlers and gaffes. You'll learn a lot about what NOT to do, and laugh at everyone from newspaper hacks to politicians!
Places Where Apostrophes Do NOT Belong
So that's it!
Now you know the three places where apostrophes belong:
I'm almost afraid to mention common mistakes, because I don't want to remind you of errors you see every day. However, it's worth pointing out the potholes so you can steer clear of them.
There are two places where apostrophes do not belong, but a lot of people don't realize it:
Now you know the three places where apostrophes belong:
- Contractions
- Possessive Nouns
- Nested Quotes
I'm almost afraid to mention common mistakes, because I don't want to remind you of errors you see every day. However, it's worth pointing out the potholes so you can steer clear of them.
There are two places where apostrophes do not belong, but a lot of people don't realize it:
- Plural Nouns
- Possessive Pronouns
Plural Nouns
Lions and Tigers and Bears, Oh My!
Ordinary plural nouns -- nouns showing there's more than one of something -- end in s. JUST S. No apostrophe. I repeat, no apostrophe.
cats means more than one cat.
butterflies means more than one butterfly.
Americans means more than one American.
PhDs means more than one PhD.
CDs means more than one CD.
Also, this is correct: dos and don'ts
Therefore:
cat's means ONE cat which has something. For example, the cat's toy.
butterfly's means ONE butterfly which has something. For example, the butterfly's wing.
butterflies' means more than one butterfly is the owner. For example, the butterflies' habitat.
See the difference?
*It usually shows ownership. However, like I said, apostrophes are also used in contractions, two words squished together. SO 's is also used to indicate a contraction with the word is, for example, "Someone's knocking at the door." It's still not a plural noun.
cats means more than one cat.
butterflies means more than one butterfly.
Americans means more than one American.
PhDs means more than one PhD.
CDs means more than one CD.
Also, this is correct: dos and don'ts
Therefore:
cat's means ONE cat which has something. For example, the cat's toy.
butterfly's means ONE butterfly which has something. For example, the butterfly's wing.
butterflies' means more than one butterfly is the owner. For example, the butterflies' habitat.
See the difference?
- An apostrophe + s shows ownership.*
- No apostrophe means a plural noun.
*It usually shows ownership. However, like I said, apostrophes are also used in contractions, two words squished together. SO 's is also used to indicate a contraction with the word is, for example, "Someone's knocking at the door." It's still not a plural noun.
What's Wrong with This Picture?
Pop Quiz #4
OOPS TIME!
Something is wrong with this picture. Can you spot the mistake?
Hold your cursor over the picture or check the bottom of the page for the answer.
Image courtesy of Jeffrey Beall on Flickr through a Creative Commons license.
Something is wrong with this picture. Can you spot the mistake?
Hold your cursor over the picture or check the bottom of the page for the answer.
Image courtesy of Jeffrey Beall on Flickr through a Creative Commons license.
Possessive Pronouns
My, Your, His, Her, Our, Your, Their
Pronouns are short little words that stand in for a noun. For example:, he, she, their, his, hers, me, your, they, your.
Some of these words are possessive pronouns. These are special little words that already mean "the owner of something else." Possessive pronouns do not need an apostrophe. Unlike regular nouns, possessive pronouns have the idea of ownership built-in.
For example:
She used to use that perfume, until her boyfriend told her he didn't like its scent.
Let's go over to your house.
Contractions DO use apostrophes, as I explained earlier:
You're looking sad.
It's time to go.
Do you see the difference?
You're = a contraction for you are
your = a possessive pronoun meaning "belonging to you"
it's = a contraction for it is
its = a possessive pronoun meaning "belonging to it"
If you get those two things mixed up, nobody can tell which one you mean.
Finally, there's a funny form of the possessive pronoun that ends in s.
Look at this:
We went to her house. That drink is hers.
I like your shoes. I'm all yours.
Her is an adjective, hers is a noun. But don't worry about that. Your brain knows which one to use where, even if you can't remember why. The point is, NEITHER one uses an apostrophe.
All you need to know is: Possessive pronouns don't use apostrophes.
Some of these words are possessive pronouns. These are special little words that already mean "the owner of something else." Possessive pronouns do not need an apostrophe. Unlike regular nouns, possessive pronouns have the idea of ownership built-in.
For example:
She used to use that perfume, until her boyfriend told her he didn't like its scent.
Let's go over to your house.
Contractions DO use apostrophes, as I explained earlier:
You're looking sad.
It's time to go.
Do you see the difference?
You're = a contraction for you are
your = a possessive pronoun meaning "belonging to you"
it's = a contraction for it is
its = a possessive pronoun meaning "belonging to it"
If you get those two things mixed up, nobody can tell which one you mean.
Finally, there's a funny form of the possessive pronoun that ends in s.
Look at this:
We went to her house. That drink is hers.
I like your shoes. I'm all yours.
Her is an adjective, hers is a noun. But don't worry about that. Your brain knows which one to use where, even if you can't remember why. The point is, NEITHER one uses an apostrophe.
All you need to know is: Possessive pronouns don't use apostrophes.
What's Wrong With This Picture?
Pop Quiz #5
OOPS TIME!
Something is wrong with this picture. Can you spot the mistake?
Hold your cursor over the picture or check the bottom of the page for the answer.
Image courtesy of duncan on Flickr through a Creative Commons license.
Something is wrong with this picture. Can you spot the mistake?
Hold your cursor over the picture or check the bottom of the page for the answer.
Image courtesy of duncan on Flickr through a Creative Commons license.
Grammar and Proofreading Books on Amazon
A lot of folks want to make English the official language of the United States. A lot of those same folks would be in trouble if that law was passed, since they don't actually know English! With these books, you will.
The Elements of Style (4th Edition)
The leading authority on proper grammar and good writing. It will teach you to write well.
Avg. Customer Rating: 
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English Grammar Workbook For Dummies (For Dummies (Language & Literature))
A book that makes learning grammar as painless as possible.
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Self-Editing for Fiction Writers, Second Edition: How to Edit Yourself Into Print
If you want to be a writer, you need this book. WARNING: If you think you're a decent writer, this book will force feed you humble pie. The authors know ALL our bad habits!
Avg. Customer Rating:
Amazon Price: $9.88 (as of 12/04/2009)
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Latest Entries from the Apostrophe Abuse Blog
Maintained by Chris Duvall
Click on links to see the latest photos of apostrophe abuse submitted to Chris, or go to his blog to submit your own!
Fetching RSS feed... please stand byApostrophe Quiz
Here's some questions to help you review apostrophe usage.
Here's some questions to help you review apostrophe usage.
Eats, Shoots and Leaves on Amazon
A popular and funny book teaching you the dos and don'ts of grammar. Its title is the punchline of an old joke that hinges on a misplaced comma in the encyclopedia entry for "panda".
Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation
The original bestseller. Entertaining AND educational.
Avg. Customer Rating: 
Amazon Price: $8.64 (as of 12/04/2009)
Usually ships in 24 hours
Eats, Shoots & Leaves: Why, Commas Really Do Make a Difference!
The same book adapted to work for grades 1 to 3.
Avg. Customer Rating:
Amazon Price: $10.87 (as of 12/04/2009)
Usually ships in 24 hours
More Apostrophe Links
- Apostrophes Are Not Difficult, But My Neighbors Are
- A flash-based quiz takes you through a story about two neighbors who have to hash out a problem. Who's right? Whose writing is wrong?
- The Apostrophe Protection Society
- Since 2001, the Apostrophe Protection Society has been looking after stray apostrophes. Brace yourself, then check out its "Examples" page for photographs of lonely, lost and abused apostrophes.
- The Apostrophe Posse Rides Again
- Funny news article about "The Apostrophe Posse" with amusing examples of apostrophe abuse, plus one happy ending.
Gallery of Apostrophe Abuse
Submit your photos of apostrophe abuse!
![Keep dog's [insert noun] away](http://farm1.static.flickr.com/89/245960905_c05e61b762_s.jpg)
POP QUIZ ANSWERS
Click on the orange links to jump back to each photo.
- Pop Quiz #1: Its Amazing... what?
- This sign should say:
IT'S AMAZING
Why? It's is a contraction for it is. The apostrophe in contractions shows a letter has dropped out.
"Its" is a possessive pronoun. If you write "its", then it must own something. Its amazing toenail? Hmmm. - Pop Quiz #2: Kath's Kab's...what?
- Kath is an owner; she has a cab company. So
KATH'S KABS
would be correct (if you ignore the cute spelling).
As it is, this sign suggests that her poor kab is missing something. The kab's windshield wipers? Its lug nuts? - Pop Quiz #3: Poor Taste
- This sign should say:
TASTES GREAT!
Why? This phrase is short for "It tastes great." Verbs never, ever have apostrophes. - Pop Quiz #4: Employee's Only What?
- One more time: 's means ownership, NOT more than one. To form a plural noun, just add s:
EMPLOYEES ONLY
Otherwise, as one visitor observed, the arrow symbol beneath "employee's only" suggests that the employee has only one arrow. - Pop Quiz #5: Smile, Your Pants Are Unzipped
- Apostrophes only show up with pronouns if there's a contraction. The contraction of you are is you're, so the sign should say this:
SMILE, YOU'RE IN PORTABELLO!
Apostrophe Humor on CafePress
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Reply
- Kate-Phizackerley Kate-Phizackerley Nov 16, 2009 @ 11:22 pm
- Wonderful lens. Blessed.
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Reply
- Ramkitten Ramkitten Nov 7, 2009 @ 11:10 pm
- Yay, a lens right up my alley! A breath of fresh air, actually. I'm so nitpicky when it comes to proper punctuation (and spelling and grammar); although, I make plenty of goofs myself, especially when I'm rushing. I'm lensrolling this to my proofreading lens. Well done!
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Reply
- cosmicjellybaby cosmicjellybaby Sep 4, 2009 @ 6:24 am
- Isn't the possessive 's after a name that ends in s supposed to be used except when referring to either Jesus or a name of a Roman Emperor? Don't know why this should be, I just seem to remember it from some grammar book I read once upon a time. I mean Yates's Wine Lodge uses it, so are they right or re they wrong. Great lens by the way.
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Reply
- RobertoLebron RobertoLebron Jul 21, 2009 @ 8:02 am
- I think I love you.
Thank you. I laughed, I cried, and I laughed again. Great job. Your students are lucky indeed. Keep fighting the good fight. The English language needs more champions like you.
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Reply
- kathypi kathypi Feb 25, 2009 @ 3:34 pm
- Thank you for joining my group, "Need an answer to a question" lots of useful info here, glad to have your lens, great topic and lens, Kathy
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