Why in the world would you want stem cells harvested from mouse, animals or aborted fetal stem cells injected into your body that has been proven to cause huge health risk?

What your body wants is plant derived nutrients that have been validated to wake up stem cells naturally.

Email me or call me Robert for more info 1-407-672-6144

Top Stories - Los Angeles Times
Study Says All Stem Cell Lines Tainted
By Karen Kaplan Times Staff Writer
Contaminated Stem Cells

All human embryonic stem cell lines approved for use in federally funded research are contaminated with a foreign molecule from mice that may make them risky for use in medical therapies, according to a study released Sunday. Researchers at UC San Diego and the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla report that if the stem cells are transplanted into people, the cells could provoke an immune system attack that would wipe out their ability to deliver cures for diseases such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and diabetes.

The finding is a setback to the Bush administration's controversial policy that provides federal funding only for research using embryonic stem cell lines that were created before August 2001. Evidence that all such lines are contaminated supports long-standing concerns among researchers that the lines eligible for federal money are insufficient to propel research forward. The scientists who wrote the study say it could take at least a year or two - if it is possible at all - to find a way to salvage the stem cells by wiping them clean of the mouse molecules. "We don't know, but I'm trying to be optimistic," said Fred H. Gage, a professor of genetics at the Salk Institute who co-wrote the paper in the current issue of Nature Medicine.

The researchers said the safest course was to create fresh batches of stem cells that were free of contamination from animal molecules - a process that could also take years. The need to develop new, uncontaminated embryonic stem cell lines would bolster the influence of the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, a $3-billion funding agency established by state voters in November to circumvent President Bush (news - web sites)'s restrictions.

"This is why Prop. 71 is so important," Susan Fisher, a UC San Francisco professor of cell and tissue biology, said of California's stem cell research measure. "We will be able to do this basic research to be able to really produce a strong foundation on which this work can continue." The new state agency allows the creation of new stem cell lines and will fund about $300 million a year in embryonic stem cell research for the next decade - more than 10 times the yearly spending at the federal level. The initiative marks the largest state investment in basic scientific research, an area traditionally funded by the National Institutes of Health (news - web sites).

The stem cell lines allowed under Bush's policy came from embryos donated by couples who no longer needed them for in vitro fertilization. In his 2001 address, Bush said: "This allows us to explore the promise and potential of stem cell research without crossing a fundamental moral line."

From the start, however, researchers questioned the viability of the Bush-approved stem cell lines. The president said more than 60 such lines existed worldwide. About 20 lines proved usable, although concerns persisted about the techniques that had been used to create and keep them alive.

When the stem cells were first isolated, they were grown in petri dishes lined with cells from mice and bathed in blood serum from calves and other animals. The animal material was used to encourage the stem cells to multiply while preserving their unusual ability to mature into any kind of human cell. This "pluripotency" is why embryonic stem cells have been so promising for both researchers and patients. For example, doctors could treat patients with juvenile diabetes by growing replacements for islet cells that fail to make insulin. Researchers have suspected that exposing the stem cells to animal products could have contaminated them with viruses, proteins or other molecules that could be dangerous to people. Now they have evidence it did.

According to the study, human stem cells have incorporated a type of sialic acid that is common in many mammals but isn't produced by people. Potential contamination of the lines was discussed by Gage in October when he spoke to a National Academy of Sciences (news - web sites) panel drawing up ethical guidelines for such research. When the acid, Neu5Gc, enters the human body - typically by eating meat or drinking milk - antibodies rush to attack it.

Dr. Ajit Varki, a professor in UC San Diego's department of cellular and molecular medicine, questioned whether stem cells containing the acid would also be vulnerable to attack if transplanted into humans. He and his colleagues exposed the stem cells to human blood serum that contained Neu5Gc antibodies. "It kills the cells," said Varki, one of the authors of the study. "It's reasonable to assume the same thing would happen inside people." The most straightforward solution would be to start again with new stem cell lines.

"If none of these funding issues and legal issues and ethical and moral issues existed, then it would make sense to start over," Varki said. But to develop new lines, scientists must destroy 5-day-old embryos. Some religious leaders, social conservatives and others oppose the practice, saying it is tantamount to murder. Bush's research restrictions have come under sharp attack from high-profile figures including former First Lady Nancy Reagan and actors Christopher Reeve, who died in October, and Michael J. Fox. The issue took center stage in last year's presidential campaign, and although Bush won reelection, advocates scored a victory with the passage of California's Proposition 71.

Since then, lawmakers in several other states, including Wisconsin, New York and New Jersey, have announced major funding proposals in part to keep top researchers and scientists from going to California. Even before the influx of money from states, many leading researchers chose to forgo federal funding, instead getting private grants that allowed them to create new embryonic stem cell lines. Fisher said the other strategy of cleansing existing stem cells of the mouse acid might solve the immediate problem. But there is still the possibility that there are other animal molecules that could alter the cells and make them unsuitable for human use.

"Many people have been very uncomfortable with the derivation of human cell lines using mouse [cells] and animal proteins," said Fisher, who was not involved with the research published Sunday. "This is like being able to put your finger on why you're paranoid."

Times staff writer Megan Garvey contributed to this report.
END

So what are you to do with your money? Buy this polluted stuff that will for sure increase health risks or will you consider to go the natural way.

Email me or call me robert 1-407-672-6144 so I can give you more info about Glyconutrients. Be sure to read what I have posted here about stem cells and how it helps to regenrate brain neurons.

Here you will read about a doctor that was very skeptical about what he was told on Glyconutrients, but he did keep an opened mind and was finally convinsed that this is the real thing.

***Confidential Information***
***Disclaimer*** Glyconutrients are not meant to treat, cure or mitigate any disease, but science has shown that given the right nutrition the body has the ability to repair and heal itself of just about any condition. You should always consult your healthcare professionals before consuming supplements with pharmaceutical drugs.

Glyconutrient products are nutritional power food and do not substitute for a doctor's care or for proven therapy.
www.RecoverHealthNow.com Email me for more info Services4health@yahoo.com

Dr. Willen on Glyconutrients - His story
I first heard of this new field of science and nutrition in February or March of 2003. As open minded as I like to think I am, I was not very open to the information at the time. I thought I had the field of nutrition and supplementation down. Afterall, I used hundreds of products in my office and was getting great results with most of my cases. How could there be something out there I'd never heard of? Well, it took a colleague of mine over 9 months to convince me to use glyconutrient supplementation in my practice and I only tried it because I had a case that was chronic and extremely difficult, a 7-year old girl with horrible eczema over her entire body, and I was getting nowhere using all my tried and true protocols. Not to mention the fact that this little girl was my daughter's best friend!

Well, the glyconutrients proved to be the missing link in that case... Her rapid recovery really got my attention! I began doing the research and the reading on this subject and was incredibly impressed with the science backing these products. Four out of the last eight Nobel Prize winners won their prizes because of their research in this area called glycobiology, and thousands of new research papers are published each year in the field. Needless to say, I have continued to use this type of nutrition in my practice since.

The reason I am telling you this is because many healthcare practitioners, conventional allopathic doctors as well as alternative ones, can become stagnant in their practices, convinced that they know all there is to know. Sometimes it's not ignorance we deal with when it comes to our practitioners, but an "assumption of knowledge"...king of like, "the world is flat and everyone knows that..." mentality. This kind of pride-full arrogance can be annoying in a healthcare professional, but more importantly, it can be tragic. Knowing what I know now about this incredible nutritional technology, my only regret is that I didn't open my mind to them 9 months sooner. You see, during that time three of my patients passed away, from complications surrounding HIV, Hepatitis C and cancer, that I believe could have been helped with the super immune building properties of these nutrients.

The Eight Essential Monosaccarides

In addition to improving cell to cell communication, research shows that these sugars work in the body in the following ways:

MANNOSE
* Prevents bacterial, viral, parasitic and fungal infections
* Eases inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis
* Lupus patients are deficient in this saccharide
* Lowers blood sugar and triglyceride levels
in diabetic patients

FUCOSE
* Influences brain development
* Improves brain's ability to create long- term memories
* Inhibits tumor growth
* Metabolism of this saccharide is abnormal in cystic fibrosis, diabetes, and cancer and during episodes of shingles, which is caused by the herpes virus
* Active against other herpes viruses, including herpes I and cytomegalovirus
* Guards against respiratory infections
* Inhibits allergic reactions

GALACTOSE
* Enhances wound healing
* Increases calcium absorption
* Triggers long-term memory formation

GLUCOSE
* Potent fast-energy source
* Enhances memory
* Stimulates calcium absorption
* Too much or too little can be problematic
* Elderly Alzheimer's patients register much lower levels of this saccharide than those with organic brain disease from stroke or other vascular diseases
* Glucose metabolism disturbed in depression, manic-depression, anorexia and bulimia

N-ACETYLGALACTOSAMINE
* Heart disease patients have lower than normal levels of this saccharide
* Inhibits spread of tumor

N-ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE
* Immune modulator with anti-tumor properties and activity against HIV
* Vital to learning
* Glucosamine, a metabolic product of this saccharide
* Helps repair cartilage
* Decreases pain and inflammation
* Increases range of motion
* May also help repair mucosal-lining defensive barrier implicated in Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and interstitial cystitis

N-ACETYLNEUROMINIC ACID
* Important for brain development and learning
* Abundant in breast milk
* Repels bacteria, virus and other pathogens

XYLOSE
* Antibacterial and antifungal
* May help prevent cancer of the digestive tract

Call me Robert 1-407-672-6144 for more info

The genes in our bodies contain instructions written in DNA much like a computer program that constitute the code of life that is expressed by cellular synthesis. Many people have no clue that due to invironmental toxins and when they get vaccinated with ingredients that contain Viruses, pathogens and viral agents a transfer of genetic matterial has taken place and in the process at the cellular level the DNA of humans has been invaded thus a new genetic code has taken over the DNA inprint. You can read more about this here:
www.squidoo.com/vaccinestrashdna

Finally there is a natural way to restore your body back to health. The super intelligence of your body's ability to repair, regenerate and restore its self is amazing. The key is to give the bodythe right supplements to manufacture its own stem cells naturally from its own bone marrow so they can get to work to do what they know to do best.

By David Lear
Searchwarp.com/swa7485.htm
Over the past few years, stem cells have been getting a lot of attention. What makes them so interesting is their ability to stimulate the production of many types of healthy cells. That means that a single stem cell can turn itself into brain cells, liver cells, skin cells, pancreas cells, and so on.

In February of 2003, an article about stem cells was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). A team of researchers at Johns Hopkins Medical Center reported, for the first time, that undifferentiated donor stem cells were able to cross the blood brain barrier and morph themselves into neuronal cells. This was an especially important finding because, of all the cells in the body, neuron cells are the most advanced and complicated. This is significant because it means that if stem cells can morph themselves into brain neurons, then, chances are they can transform themselves into other types of cells too.

In a separate but related area of science, there is a growing body of evidence that a specialized area of nutrition called glyconutrition is very likely responsible for causing the body to manufacture its own stem cells from its own bone marrow. This research is being overseen by Dr. Reg McDaniel M.D. at the Fischer Institute.

Until the JAMA article came out, Dr. McDaniel's team were in quite a quandary as to how people with varying neurological disorders such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, Children's Cerebral Palsy, Down's Syndrome, and Autism, were all experiencing increases in brain function when Glyconutrients and other micronutrients were added to their diets. After the initial discovery that stem cells stimulated the growth of neuron cells, researchers wanted to know if these newly created neuron cells worked correctly. To do this, they turned their attention to children in comas. One was a boy who had been in a coma for three years. Glyconutrients were added to his feeding tube and within five days his doctor started seeing changes in his brain function.

All this is became even more noteworthy when it was discovered that this wasn't an isolated case. Other cases have been reported in which children have been awakened from long-term comas after receiving glyconutritional supplements introduced through feeding tubes.

Following up on these findings, a group of pediatric neurologists have begun a glyconutrition study on 20 children who are in comas. In yet another case study, a six-year-old boy had been in a coma for three years. During that time his EEG measurements were virtually flat. Glyconutrients were introduced into his diet and over a six-month period, his EEG activity increased significantly. Here again was a clear connection between the introduction of Glyconutrients and restored neurological brain function.

In another study, Sara, a premature infant with fetal alcohol syndrome, who also had heart defects and cerebral palsy at birth, underwent a dramatic turn for the better when Glyconutrients were introduced to her regimen. In this case, Sara was born prematurely and the only way to introduce Glyconutrients into her little body was to rub a special glyconutritional cream into her skin. This went on until she was well enough to go home from the hospital. After that, her mother regularly added Glyconutrients to her formula.

When she was four years old, she was examined by her pediatric specialist. Amazingly, he found no evidence of fetal alcohol syndrome or cerebral palsy. Even better, her little heart had developed normally and no longer required surgery. One of the interesting aspects of this particular case history is that Sara was photographed when she was born and her face showed the obvious distorted characteristics of a child with severe fetal alcohol syndrome. By the time she was four years old, all of her facial anomalies disappeared. Her IQ also increased from less than 80 to over 100. For a child born with fetal alcohol syndrome, this type of recovery is virtually unprecedented.

Now, while these individual case histories are quite remarkable, they do not in and of themselves constitute scientific proof. However, they have generated a lot of hope and more importantly, have stimulated interest on the part of the medical community to conduct new studies and research in this exciting and fast growing area of nutritional technology.

David Lear is an independent nutrition researcher and free-lance writer. His principal area of interest is in natural, cutting-edge supplements that improve health and reverse "incurable" illness. (Note: Dietary supplements are designed to improve nutrition rather than to treat disease. However, scientific research has established a connection between nutrition and many disease conditions.)

To learn more about Glyconutrients
www.Recoverhealthnow.com
Call Robert 1-407-672-6144

What you are about to read will give you a better understanding of what is happening to your body as your cells continue to replicate with the assistance of the master cells called Stem Cells.
Keep in mind that we have one common enemy called Vaccine toxic ingredients and environmental toxins that will cause for many of your stem cells to be bound and unable to protect, defend, and repair damaged cells. This is why people will become diseased. As an example diabetics will eventually go blind and have their legs amputated. All diabetics that use pharmaceutical drugs will have the same fate. Unless you decide to check and see what you can use that is natural to help you DETOX, repair and rebuild damaged cells by feeding the body a type of supplement that will support your stem cell function naturally. (No side effects)

The cells of our bodies have SUPER Intelligence. They are the master duplicators that have a built in natural ability to procreate. You will enjoy reading this.

When you are done reading this fantastic report think about what you are feeding your cells. You may want to consider feeding them Glyconutrients.

Why you ask?
Because for the rest of your life if you want to have optimal health and longevity you must eat nutrients that will Repair, Protect and Defend your cells. Be sure to read (Enemies of Cell To Cell Communication)

Stem Cells - What are they?
They are cells that have the ability to self-replicate and give rise to specialized cells. Stem cells can be found at different stages of fetal development and are present in a wide range of adult tissues. Many of the terms used to distinguish stem cells are based on their origins and the cell types of their progeny.

There are three basic types of stem cells. Totipotent stem cells, meaning their potential is total, have the capacity to give rise to every cell type of the body and to form an entire organism. Pluripotent stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells, are capable of generating virtually all cell types of the body but are unable to form a functioning organism. Multipotent stem cells can give rise only to a limited number of cell types. For example, adult stem cells, also called organ- or tissue-specific stem cells, are multipotent stem cells found in specialized organs and tissues after birth. Their primary function is to replenish cells lost from normal turnover or disease in the specific organs and tissues in which they are found.

Totipotent stem cells occur at the earliest stage of embryonic development. The union of sperm and egg creates a single totipotent cell. This cell divides into identical cells in the first hours after fertilization. All these cells have the potential to develop into a fetus when they are placed into the uterus. The first differentiation of totipotent cells forms a hollow sphere of cells called the blastocyst, which has an outer layer of cells and an inner cell mass inside the sphere. The outer layer of cells will form the placenta and other supporting tissues during fetal development, whereas cells of the inner cell mass go on to form all three primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. The three germ layers are the embryonic source of all types of cells and tissues of the body. Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. They retain the capacity to give rise to cells of all three germ layers. However, embryonic stem cells cannot form a complete organism because they are unable to generate the entire spectrum of cells and structures required for fetal development. Thus, embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, not totipotent, stem cells.

Embryonic germ (EG) cells differ from embryonic stem cells in the tissue sources from which they are derived, but appear to be similar to embryonic stem cells in their pluripotency. Human embryonic germ cell lines are established from the cultures of the primordial germ cells obtained from the gonadal ridge of late-stage embryos, a specific part that normally develops into the testes or the ovaries. Embryonic germ cells in culture, like cultured embryonic stem cells, form embryoid bodies, which are dense, multilayered cell aggregates consisting of partially differentiated cells. The embryoid body-derived cells have high growth potential. The cell lines generated from cultures of the embryoid body cells can give rise to cells of all three embryonic germ layers, indicating that embryonic germ cells may represent another source of pluripotent stem cells.

Much of the knowledge about embryonic development and stem cells has been accumulated from basic research on mouse embryonic stem cells. Since 1998, however, research teams have succeeded in growing human embryonic stem cells in culture. Human embryonic stem cell lines have been established from the inner cell mass of human blastocysts that were produced through in vitro fertilization procedures. The techniques for growing human embryonic stem cells are similar to those used for growth of mouse embryonic stem cells. However, human embryonic stem cells must be grown on a mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder layer or in media conditioned by mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Human embryonic stem cell lines can be maintained in culture to generate indefinite numbers of identical stem cells for research. As with mouse embryonic stem cells, culture conditions have been designed to direct differentiation into specific cell types (for example, neural and hematopoietic cells).

Adult stem cells occur in mature tissues. Like all stem cells, adult stem cells can self-replicate. Their ability to self-renew can last throughout the lifetime of individual organisms. But unlike embryonic stem cells, it is usually difficult to expand adult stem cells in culture. Adult stem cells reside in specific organs and tissues, but account for a very small number of the cells in tissues. They are responsible for maintaining a stable state of the specialized tissues. To replace lost cells, stem cells typically generate intermediate cells called precursor or progenitor cells, which are no longer capable of self-renewal. However, they continue undergoing cell divisions, coupled with maturation, to yield fully specialized cells. Such stem cells have been identified in many types of adult tissues, including bone marrow, blood, skin, gastrointestinal tract, dental pulp, retina of the eye, skeletal muscle, liver, pancreas, and brain. Adult stem cells are usually designated according to their source and their potential. Adult stem cells are multipotent because their potential is normally limited according to their source and their potential. Adult stem cells are multipotent because their potential is normally limited to one or more lineages of specialized cells. However, a special multipotent stem cell that can be found in bone marrow, called the mesenchymal stem cell, can produce all cell types of bone, cartilage, fat, blood, and connective tissues.

Blood stem cells, or hematopoietic stem cells, are the most studied type of adult stem cells. The concept of hematopoietic stem cells is not new, since it has been long realized that mature blood cells are constantly lost and destroyed. Billions of new blood cells are produced each day to make up the loss. This process of blood cell generation called hematopoiesis, occurs largely in the bone marrow. Another emerging source of blood stem cells is human umbilical cord blood. Similar to bone marrow, umbilical cord blood can be used as a source material of stem cells for transplant therapy. However, because of the limited number of stem cells in umbilical cord blood, most of the procedures are performed for young children of relatively low body weight.

Neural stem cells, the multipotent stem cells that generate nerve cells, are a new focus in stem cell research. Active cellular turnover does not occur in the adult nervous system as it does in renewing tissues such as blood or skin. Because of this observation, it had been a dogma that the adult brain and spinal cord were unable to regenerate new nerve cells. However, since the early 1990s, neural stem cells have been isolated from the adult brain as well as fetal brain tissues. Stem cells in the adult brain are found in the areas called the subventricular zone and the ventricle zone. Another location of brain stem cells occurs in the hippocampus, a special structure of the cerebral cortex related to memory function. Stem cells isolated from these areas are able to divide and to give rise to nerve cells (neurons) and neuron-supporting cell types in culture.

Stem cell plasticity refers to the phenomenon of adult stem cells from one tissue generating the specialized cells of another tissue. The long-standing concept of adult organ-specific stem cells is that they are restricted to producing the cell types of their specific tissues. However, a series of studies have challenged the concept of tissue restriction of adult stem cells. Although the stem cells appear able to cross their tissue-specific boundaries, crossing occurs generally at a low frequency and mostly only under conditions of host organ damage. The finding of stem cell plasticity carries significant implications for potential cell therapy. For example, if differentiation can be redirected, stem cells of abundant source and easy access, such as blood stem cells in bone marrow or umbilical cord blood, could be used to substitute stem cells in tissues that are difficult to isolate, such as heart and nervous system tissue. See also Cell differentiation; Embryology; Embryonic differentiation; Germ layers; Hematopoiesis; Regeneration (biology); Transplantation biology.

Bill H. McAnalley, PhD and Eileen Vennum, RAC
THE CODE OF LIFE

When you cut your hand, how does your skin and other tissue know how to fill in the damaged area and seal itself off again? When you eat, how does your digestive tract know which food components to grab and send into the blood stream and which ones to allow to pass through? How do the filters in your kidneys choose the correct molecules to expel? Unlike machines, living organisms are coded to perform many complex "involuntary" functions. The more complex the organism, the more such functions it must perform to live and thrive.
Science and medicine have long tried to break the biocode by which the cells of the body communicate with one another in order for these complex functions to occur. This mysterious code is truly the language of life. Biochemistry is the chemistry of life. It is the science concerned with the various molecules found in living cells and organisms and with their chemical reactions. The aim of biochemistry is to explain, in molecular terms, the chemical processes of living cells.
The four major classes of biomolecules are proteins, nucleic acids, lipids (fats) and carbohydrates. For many years, scientists focused on proteins as the primary communication molecules. Early in this century, however, a theoretical mathematician at the Weisman Institute calculated the number of molecular configurations possible with protein molecules and the number of known chemical command signals needed to run the body. She concluded that there were not enough protein configurations possible to supply all the messages. Another code was required.

RESEARCH ON GLYCOPROTEINS AND THE CODE OF LIFE

In the 1960s, research first began to appear on glycoproteins, protein molecules bound with carbohydrate molecules. ("Glyco" means "sweet" and refers to sugars, or carbohydrates. These terms are interchangeable). Glycoprotein molecules coat the surface of every cell with a nucleus in the human body. Glycolipids, carbohydrate molecules bound with lipid (fat) molecules, are another kind of glycoform, or glycoconjugate, found on cell surfaces.
We now know that nature uses the carbohydrates on cell surface glycoconjugates as communication (or recognition) molecules. Carbohydrates are much more structurally complex than the simpler proteins. Many more molecular configurations are possible with a six-carbon sugar (e.g. glucose), which has two isomeric forms and six binding sites. For example, while only 24 oligopeptide configurations are possible with four peptides (proteins), more than 1000 different oligosaccharide configurations are possible with four carbohydrate molecules.1(p 477) So carbohydrate molecules provide the most specific form of biological information for the code of life.
Since the 1960s, the study of glycoconjugates has grown exponentially as the technological means to conduct the studies have been developed. Based on this research, by 1996 scientists had identified eight sugars found on human cell surface glycoforms that are involved in cellular recognition processes.2 (p 677) Of the 200 such sugars occurring naturally in plants, to date only these eight had been identified as components of cellular glycoproteins.
For illustration purposes, molecular communication codes can be thought of like our own written language. Just as four different shapes can be combined to make many letters, and these letters can be combined to make many words, the different carbohydrate molecules combine within our bodies to make many cellular recognition "words". These precisely shaped words protrude from cell surfaces and are recognized and understood (or not understood) by neighboring cells through the "sense of touch".

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SUGAR CODE ON GLYCOPROTEINS

The significance of these sugar components of glycopro- teins is well illustrated by the different blood types. The only difference between Type O blood and Types A and B blood is that Types A and B contain an additional sugar molecule. Types A and B differ only in the terminal sugar. Type A contains N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), while type B contains galactose (Gal). Yet such a seemingly minor distinction makes the difference between life and death in a person given the wrong blood type.3(p 252)
Another illustration of the importance of glycoprotein structures concerns patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Certain of these patients' defense cells (IgG) bear malformed
glycoproteins. These cells are missing required galactose molecules. The extent to which the galactose molecules are missing correlates with disease severity and reverses in disease remission. In fact, recent research has found specific cell surface glycoforms to be characteristic of many disease conditions. In cancer alone, more than 20 different malignancies are known to be associated with characteristic glycoproteins5 (See cancer review in the "Glyconutritionals: Disease-Specific Reviews" section of GlycoScience.com). A great variety of diseases, including many autoimmune diseases
have been found to be associated with altered glycosy- lation of cell surface glycoproteins. One recent review by I. Brockhausen et al., Glycoproteins and Their Relationship to Human Disease, cites more than 400 papers.

SOURCE OF THE SUGAR CODE ON GLYCOPROTEINS

If these sugar (glyco) molecules are so important, what is the source of them for our cells? What raw materials does the body use to build them? Ultimately, only plants can capture the sun's energy to produce the carbohydrates required by the body. Thus, the plants in our diet are the primary building blocks for the sugar portion of these molecules that are so vital to continued good health. A healthy body can break down plant carbohydrates, restructure them into small sugars, then use those sugars to build the glycoforms required for accurate cellular communication and resultant good health.
Enzymes are the tools the body uses to build the glycoportion of glycoforms. Note that 15 enzymatic conversions are required to change galactose to fucose.8(p 358)

LIMITATIONS OF ENZYMATIC CONVERSION TO BUILD THE SUGAR CODE

The effectiveness of the enzymatic conversion system to create the needed sugar molecules is not absolute. First, some individuals have inborn errors of metabolism. This means these individuals may be missing one or more of the enzymes needed to make the conversions. The conversion process also requires specific vitamins at certain steps, and these vitamins may be missing. Finally, the conversion process requires time and energy. Each step in the enzymatic conversion process for these sugars creates a new substrate that is one step closer to the needed molecule.T he equation (Michaelis-Menten Equation) which defines the kinetic properties of most enzymes, demonstrates the energy expenditure required to make the conversions where V is the velocity of the reaction; Vmax is maximum velocity; [S] is substrate (sugar), concentration; and KM is the Michaelis constant. This equation shows that, in order to convert these sugars, the body expends energy. The more conversion steps required, the more energy is expended, and the speed at which a product is formed is proportional to available substrate.3(p 212)

NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTATION WITH SUGARS USED FOR GLYCOPROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Until now the fields of glycobiology and nutrition have never been adequately investigated together. This is true, even in light of 1) the above discussed current scientific knowledge concerning the importance of glycoproteins in cell-cell communication, 2) the importance of sugars in formation of glycoforms, and 3) in spite of the fact that diet is the major source of all carbohydrates.
Although current nutrition textbooks stress the importance of essential vitamins, minerals, proteins (amino acids) and fats in great detail, sugars are currently recognized only as a source of energy9(p 38)10, not as substances essential to glycoform production for good health.
Of the required eight sugars named in Harper's Biochemistry, only glucose and galactose are addressed in the classic nutrition texts; the other six are omitted. Modern nutrition textbooks give the principle sources of dietary car- bohydrates as: 1) maize, rice, wheat, and potato which yield starches composed of glucose; 2) sugar cane and beet sugar which yield glucose; and 3) milk which yields galactose and glucose.9(p 37)
Lactose-intolerant individuals who do not eat dairy products will be deficient even in galactose since the body manufactures galactose from the lactose in dairy products. The remaining six sugars used to make cellular words must either be synthesized by the body through the process described above or obtained from dietary supplements. (See "The Myth of the Well-Balanced Diet" in the "Why Nutrition?" Section of GlycoScience.com.)
Glyconutritionals are dietary supplements designed to provide substrates for the body to use in building the glyco portion of glycoconjugates on cell surfaces. Glyconutritionals are designed to make the necessary sugars available to the cells quicker and in greater quantity.
The more substrate provided, the fewer steps the enzymatic conversion system has to take and the more the system functions at optimal capacity. At high substrate concentrations the rate of the reaction is maximized, i.e. V=Vmax. (Refer to equation above.)
End of Part 1

METABOLISM OF DIETARY SUGARS

Until recently, cellular use of dietary sugars for glycoform biosynthesis had not been studied because cellular sugars were theoretically assumed to be derived from glucose alone.11-14 It was even theorized that when the necessary variety of sugars was consumed in the diet, the sugars were broken down into glucose and then rebuilt into the needed sugars in the cells. Note that this was a theory and had not been studied.

One of my professors told us that half of what we would learn in medical school would be wrong-we just don't know which half. Recent studies indicate that the "glucose alone" theory is falling into the wrong half.

A March 1998 published study showed that intact mannose molecules are rapidly absorbed from the intestine of rats into the blood, and mannose is cleared from the blood within hours. This study also showed that, contrary to current thinking, liver cells in tissue culture absorb most of the mannose for glycoprotein synthesis directly from mannose, not from glucose. One concludes from these experiments that mannose is absorbed, intact and unchanged, from the intestine into the blood and from the blood into the cells. These studies indicate, therefore, that dietary mannose may make a significant contribution to glycoform synthesis in mammals.11

A 1998 literature review on the availability of specific sugars for glycoconjugate biosynthesis concluded that when humans were fed only glucose in state-of-the-art parenteral nutrition, they frequently developed liver dysfunction. This review also concluded that mixtures of the needed variety of sugars could improve clinical situations as compared to glucose alone. One hundred sixty papers were cited in this review.13

n a December 1998 study by essentially the same group of scientists, healthy humans were given radioactively labeled galactose, mannose or glucose. This study showed that galactose and mannose were directly incorporated into human glycoproteins without first being broken down into glucose. These scientists concluded that specific dietary sugars could represent a new class of nutrients. They also concluded that use of these nutrients could have practical consequences, especially in parenteral nutrition, where only glucose is currently given.12

A November 1998 review concluded that disorders in glycosylation are much more common than originally thought. Diabetes is just one of the many such genetic disorders in children. In fact, a new group of disorders caused by faulty glycosylation is emerging.14

The authors looked at studies to correct faulty glycoconjugate metabolism by directly administering the necessary sugar through diet. They cite one case in which a patient was successfully treated with dietary supplement therapy of the sugar mannose. The authors stated: "the finding that mannose, but not glucose, corrected glycosylation. . . was surprising. . .Mannose offers an attractive therapy because it should be easy to administer and non-toxic. . .There is scant information on the availability of mannose in food, but dietary mannose is probably insufficient to supply all glycosylation".14

Finally, the authors concluded that "Human and animal ingestion studies show that mannose is readily absorbed, elevates the blood mannose levels by 3- to 10-fold, and is cleared over several hours. Some of the mannose in the studies was incorporated into glycoproteins, especially those made by the liver and intestine, and mannose was also found on glycoproteins in the brain and in the fetus". The authors concluded: "It is likely that mannose is actively transported in the intestine and kidney".14 Active transport indicates the importance of the substance to the body. Refer to "The Myth of a Balanced Diet" in the "Why Nutrition?" Section of GlycoScience.com for information on causes of specific monosaccharide deficiencies. For more information on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion [ADME] of dietary sugars, refer to the "Glyconutritionals: Saccharide-Specific Reviews" section of GlycoScience.com.

CONCLUSION
The glycosciences are the last exciting frontier of bio-chemistry. Of the four major classes of biomolecules--proteins, nucleic acids, lipids (fats) and carbohydrates-carbohydrates are the most complex. Because of their complexity, technology has only recently developed the methods to study them, unlock their codes, and reveal their biological secrets.

As expected with any complicated field of study, the more we learn the more questions we develop. What are the precise connections between specific diseases and changes in the sugar portions of cell-surface glycoforms? How exactly does the body metabolize each of the necessary sugars when consumed in the diet? Such questions will take many years to finally resolve. The research cited in the above section on metabolism of dietary sugars is only little more than a year old. Science has only just begun to decipher the sugar (glyco) code and its importance in communicating the language of life.

While research in glycoconjugates has been ongoing in the general scientific community, pharmaceutical companies have been working to develop carbohydrate-based drugs (biologics) to treat various conditions. Several such biologics have been brought to market-numerouscytokines, for example, and erythropoietin, which is used to stimulate production of blood cells.
At the same time that interest in glycoconjugates has been growing in the scientific community and in the pharmaceutical industry, the general population has begun to pay more and more attention to nutritional intervention. Most of us are aware of scientific research that has established diet as an important component of many disease conditions. Heart disease, cancer and diabetes are obvious examples.
Glyconutritionals came about as a combination of both trends-glycoconjugate research and the focus on nutritional supplementation for health. Glyconutritionals are
nutritional dietary supplements designed to provide substrates for the body to use in building the glyco portion of glycoconjugates on cell surfaces. Glyconutritionals are designed to make the necessary sugars available to the cells quicker and in greater quantity.
We have much still to learn; we have only just begun to understand the biochemical story written in the sweet language of life, but what an exciting language to learn.

January 1, 2000 5
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