Definition of Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies chemical reactions which take place in a solution at the interface of an electron conductor (a metal or a semiconductor) and an ionic conductor (the electrolyte), and which involve electron transfer between the electrode and the electrolyte or species in solution.
If a chemical reaction is driven by an external applied voltage, as in electrolysis, or if a voltage is created by a chemical reaction as in a battery, it is an electrochemical reaction. Chemical reactions where electrons are transferred between molecules are called oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions. In general, electrochemistry deals with situations where oxidation and reduction reactions are separated in space or time, connected by an external electric circuit to understand each process.
Courtesy Wikipedia
Contents at a Glance
- New Table of Contents
- "Substance develops from a ray to an atom, but before this it exists as vibration."
- Electrophysiology and how it works
New Table of Contents
- "Substance develops from a ray to an atom, but before this it exists as vibration."
- Electrophysiology and how it works
- Skin Impedance Measurements for Acupuncture Research: Development of a Continuous Recording System
- Green plants: Electrochemical interfaces
- ELECTROCHEMICAL USES OF CARBON
- William Ross Adey, M.D.
- Dr Robert O Becker
- Dr Robert O Becker Books
- Electrochemical Resources
- Links to Patents on Electromagnetism
- Great books on Electrochemistry
- Electrochemical Videoes from Youtube
- New Guestbook
- Direct Brain-to-Muscle Electrical Circuit Helps Paralyzed Monkeys Move
"Substance develops from a ray to an atom, but before this it exists as vibration."
The Music of Life, Hazrat Inayat Khan
Just as the light spectrum ranges far in each direction beyond the small sliver of the visible band that we perceive through the mechanism of our physical eyes, sound too is a vast spectrum, of which the audible sound is only a small fraction. Many animals, dogs, bats, birds, dolphins, have the ability to hear sounds in a frequency range inaudible to human ears.Earth transitions
Flower of Life
Ultrasound, (sound which is above the 20 Khz registered by the human ear) is frequently employed by doctors and health practitioners to heal muscles and broken bones.
POINT OF INTEREST:
According to a February, 1988 report in the science section of The New York Times, ultrasonic beams can rearrange molecules, and even levitate objects. Perhaps this explains the mysteries of the pyramid builders who were somehow able to move large stones and cut them with precision unknown by modern methods today. As Laurence Blair describes, "Thus the vast and precisely laid temples of Uxman and Machu Pichu were raised and patterned-according to this legend-in symphonies of sound. Their religion recognized each individual as having a particular note or pitch."
In this realm of inaudible sound, we enter the zone where science and spirituality meet. Here, even the vibrations of thought can be viewed as "sound" currents. The Hindus believe that after chanting the OM aloud, the day comes when the vibration of the "silent OM" is heard within the head.
Electrophysiology and how it works
What's the Mitochondria
Electrophysiology is the study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. It involves measurements of voltage change or electrical current flow on a wide variety of scales from single ion channel proteins to whole tissues like the heart. In neuroscience, it includes measurements of the electrical activity of neurons, and particularly action potential activity.single ion channel proteins to whole tissues like the heart. In neuroscience, it includes measurements of the electrical activity of neurons, and particularly action potential activity.Wikipedia Definition Electrophysiology
Mitochondria provide the energy a cell needs to move, divide, produce secretory products, contract - in short, they are the power center of the cell. They are about the size of bacteria but may have different shapes depending on the cell type.
Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles, and like the nucleus have a double membrane. The outer membrane is fairly smooth. But the inner membrane is highly convoluted, forming folds called cristae. The cristae greatly increase the inner membrane's surface area. It is on these cristae that food (sugar) is combined with oxygen to produce ATP - the primary energy source for the cell.
Read up more on the Mitochondria
Wikipedia Definition Mitochondrian
Skin Impedance Measurements for Acupuncture Research: Development of a Continuous Recording System
Oxford Science Journal
Skin impedance at acupuncture points (APs) has been used as a diagnostic/therapeutic aid for more than 50 years. Currently, researchers are evaluating the electrophysiologic properties of APs as a possible means of understanding acupuncture's mechanism. To comprehensively assess the diagnostic, therapeutic and mechanistic implications of acupuncture point skin impedance, a device capable of reliably recording impedances from 100 k to 50 M at multiple APs over extended time periods is needed. This article describes design considerations, development and testing of a single channel skin impedance system (hardware, control software and customized electrodes). The system was tested for accuracy against known resistors and capacitors. Two electrodes (the AMI and the ORI) were compared for reliability of recording over 30 min. Two APs (LU 9 and PC 6) and a nearby non-AP site were measured simultaneously in four individuals for 60 min. Our measurement system performed accurately (within 5%) against known resistors (580 k-10 M) and capacitors (10 nF-150 nF). Both the AMI electrode and the modified ORI electrode recorded skin impedance reliably on the volar surface of the forearm (r = 0.87 and r = 0.79, respectively). In four of four volunteers tested, skin impedance at LU 9 was less than at the nearby non-AP site. In three of four volunteers skin impedance was less at PC 6 than at the nearby non-AP site. We conclude that our system is a suitable device upon which we can develop a fully automated multi-channel device capable of recording skin impedance at multiple APs simultaneously over 24 h.
Continue reading this Oxford Journal
Continue reading this Oxford Journal
Green plants: Electrochemical interfaces
All processes of living organisms that have been examined with suitable and sufficiently sensitive measuring techniques generate electric fields
All processes of living organisms that have been examined with suitable and sufficiently sensitive measuring techniques generate electric fields. The conduction of electrochemical excitation must be regarded as one of the most universal properties of living organisms. It arose in connection with the need for the transmission of a signal about an external influence from one part of a biological system to another. The study of the nature of regulatory relations of the plant organism with the environment is a basic bioelectrochemical problem. It has a direct bearing on the tasks of controlling the growth and development of plants.Continue Reading
ELECTROCHEMICAL USES OF CARBON
The Bucky Ball
A more exotic form of carbon is the so-called "buckyball", discovered in 1985. It has a structure similar to a soccer ball. This discovery led to the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to H.W. Kroto, R.F. Curl, and R.E. Smalley. A typical structure of a buckyball (see Figure 1) contains 60 carbon atoms (C60) in a spherical structure consisting of 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons arranged on the surface. The more scientific name for this form of carbon is buckminsterfullerene (also called "fullerene"), so named for R. Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983) who developed the architectural structure know as the geodesic dome. This structure has a strong resemblance to the design of a soccer ball. The discovery of the buckyballs in 1985 has led to an expansion of research on C60 and variations of this structure. Evidence is available to show that buckyballs are present in nature, found in meteorite craters in Canada and New Zealand.Continue Reading
William Ross Adey, M.D.
Professor of Anatomy and Physiology
Ross Adey's career in medical science spanned 50 years and brought him international repute; his specific knowledge of the effects of electromagnetic fields on biological tissues earned world renown.Continue Reading
Dr Adey demonstrated how a 147-megahertz (MHz) field, which at tissue level had an intensity of 0.8 milliwatts per square centimeter, caused an efflux or release of calcium ions from the irradiated brain tissue. This response only occurred when the ELF modulation of the microwave carrier-wave had an amplitude modulated at 6-20 hertz (Hz). The maximum stimulation of the neurones took place at 16 Hz, but to either side of this frequency-range parameter there was no effect.8 [1996 Nexus]
REMOTE VIEWING: THE STORY OF THE REAL X FILES By Turan Rifa
The police have been granted the exclusive use of the 450 MHz microwave frequency range. This is exactly the frequency used by Dr Ross Adey, the CIA mind control expert in his experiments on behavioural modification at Montauk. It seems the police have the exclusive use of this mind control frequency and a vast array of antennae to broadcast this frequency all over the country. Very useful for mass mind control in times of emergency.
Other Links to Ross Adey's Work
The effects of low-energy 60-Hz environmental electromagnetic fields upon the growth-related enzyme ornithine decarboxylase
Circadian Rhythms of the Pig-Tailed Monkey in Biosatellite III
Sleep: Cortical and Subcortical Recordings in the Chimpanzee
Dr Robert O Becker
The Father of Electromagnetism and its Biological effects
Electromagnetism and how your body knows direction. The photo to the right is a picture of a crystal, that is located in your brain called, Mehegamite Magnetite. This is what helps us to remember direction and the Laws of Physics Go to Lense PageHow does your body know direction
Dr Robert O Becker Links
Dr Robert O Becker Award
Skin Impedance Measurements for Acupuncture Research: Development of a Continuous Recording System
Cell Phones
Cancer + Silver
Chapter 7
Excerpts TBE + CC's
Electromagnetism + Life
Limb Regenration
Questioned Credibility
Silver Ions: Altered Cell Morphology
Dr. Robert O. Becker, M.D., orthopedic surgeon and medical research doctor, is one of the early pioneers responsible for the resurgence of silver use in medical applications. Dr. Becker's primary area of personal interest has always been exploring the possibility of complete tissue and organ regeneration in humans. Through his fascinating journey which spans over three decades of dedicated research, he has brilliantly explored bioelectric and electromagnetic systems, reaching to understand and control the growth and healing process in complex organisms. Much of the following information was taken directly from the books The Body Electric and Cross Currents.
Read excerpts Here and Order a copy
Read excerpts Here and Order a copy
"The Body Electric" tells the fascinating story of our bioelectric selves. Robert O. Becker, a pioneer in the field of regeneration and its relationship to electrical currents in living things, challenges the established mechanistic understanding of the body. He found clues to the healing process in the long-discarded theory of the 18th century vitalists that electricity is vital to the life process. But as exciting as Becker's discoveries are, pointing to the day when human limbs, spinal cords, and organs may be regenerated after they have been damaged, equally fascinating is the story of Becker's struggle to do such original work. As his understanding of the effects of electrical forces led him to alert the public to their possible effects on the environment, the establishment erected an even higher wall of resistance. "The Body Electric" also explores new pathways in our understanding of evolution, acupuncture, psychic phenomena, and cancer, all within the framework of Dr. Becker's colorful and controversial career.
Dr Robert O Becker Books
Key information for your Life
These books are phenomenal reads and very fun and put in layman's terms. Dr Robert O Becker takes you through his experiments using electromagnetism and its biological effects. Key Cancer information in Cross Currents. Knowledge is power
The Body Electric: Electromagnetism and the Foundation of Life
Amazon Price: (as of 11/21/2008) 
Cross Currents: The Promise of Electromedicine, The Perils of Electropollution
Amazon Price: (as of 11/21/2008)
The Body Electric
Amazon Price: (as of 11/21/2008)
Biography - Becker, Robert O(tto) (1923-): An article from: Contemporary Authors
Amazon Price: $9.95 (as of 11/21/2008)
Electrochemical Resources
My favorite links relating to Electrochemistry thus adding more facts for my Physical Physics Theory
- Electrochemistry - Wikipedia
- Definition and links according to Wikipedia
- Electrochemical cell
- An electrochemical cell is a device used for generating an electromotive force (voltage) and current from chemical reactions. The current is caused by the reactions releasing and accepting electrons at the different ends of a conductor. A common example of an electrochemical cell is a standard 1.5-volt battery.
- Electrochemical potential
- In electrochemistry, the electrochemical potential sometimes confusingly abbreviated to ECP, is a thermodynamic measure that combines the concepts of energy stored in the form of chemical potential and electrostatics. It is important in biological processes that involve molecular diffusion across membranes, in electroanalytical chemistry, and industrial applications such as batteries and fuel cells. It represents one of the many interchangeable forms of potential energy through which energy may be conserved. Electrochemical potential is expressed in the unit of J/mol.
- Electrochemical Cells
- An extremely important class of oxidation and reduction reactions are used to provide useful electrical energy in batteries. A simple electrochemical cell can be made from copper and zinc metals with solutions of their sulfates. In the process of the reaction, electrons can be transferred from the zinc to the copper through an electrically conducting path as a useful electric current.
- Welcome to ECS: The Electrochemical Society
- The Society for Solid-State and Electrochemical science and Technology.
- Electrochemical - Medical Dictionary
- Of or relating to chemical reactions brought about by electricity; galvanochemical
- Electrochemistry Dictionary
- Simple and brief definitions of words and phrases used often in electrochemistry. In some cases, a second paragraph provides further information for the "more scientifically minded".
- Electrochemical Reactions
- The following rule can be used to predict whether an oxidation-reduction reaction should occur. Oxidation-reduction reactions should occur when they convert the stronger of a pair of oxidizing agents and the stronger of a pair of reducing agents into a weaker oxidizing agent and a weaker reducing agent.
- Electrochemical Science and Technology Information Resource
- This site contains general and varied information about electrochemistry in thirteen sections.
- Demoz - Electrochemistry links
- Journals, texts, publications on Electrochemistry
- Electrochemistry Encyclopedia
- This site contains popular-science style articles describing many aspects of electrochemistry. New articles are added at irregular intervals, and all articles are periodically updated as recent developments occur in the field.
- THE EFFECT OF ELECTRIC FIELD ON HUMANS IN
- THE EFFECT OF ELECTRIC FIELD ON HUMANS IN THE IMMEDIATE VICINITY OF 110 KV POWER LINES
The paper presents the effect of the electric component of an electromagnetic
field (ELF) of 50 Hz, originating from overground 110 kV power line, on humans in its
immediate vicinity. - The effects of low-energy 60-Hz environmental electromagnetic fields upon the growth-related enzyme
- The effects of low-energy 60-Hz environmental electromagnetic fields upon the growth-related enzyme ornithine decarboxylase
People living in the industrial society of today are unavoidably exposed to low-energy electromagnetic (EM) radiation. The potential risk to human health of such exposure has received much study. In this regard, numerous epidemiological studies have linked exposure to low-energy EM fields to increased cancer risk. - Ornithine decarboxylase activity in L929 cells following exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields
- To determine whether there is a biological basis for epidemiological studies which suggest an association between exposure to magnetic fields and cancer, we have attempted to replicate earlier findings on cellular enzymes related to cell proliferation. Here we report on an effort to replicate the doubling of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in L929 murine fibroblasts following exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields reported by Litovitz et al.
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society
- This is the current journal and up to date place for information on Electrochemical energy and it's uses
- Biological Effects of Non-ionising Electromagnetic Radiations: Fact or Fiction?
- After analysing the differences between ionising and non-ionising radiations, the author considers the interaction between radiations and the environment, in particular that affecting human tissues.
- Frequency Spectrum
- The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates frequency use by setting specifications for transmit frequency, power, bandwidth, modulation, and location, to name a few, and requires a license for many uses. The FCC does NOT cover the CALIBRATION of radar units, radar ACCURACY, or OPERATOR capability requirements.
Links to Patents on Electromagnetism
Various Patents using electromagnetism
Nikola Tesla holds 23 patents dealing with electric. Thomas Edison has one. Word has it Edison begged Telsa to take him on as a Prodigy. Once inside Edison stole the invention of the light bulb from Tesla.
- ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND ELECTROGENERATED CHEMILUMINESCENCE WITH A SINGLE FARADAIC ELECTRODE
- Described herein is an apparatus comprising an electrochemical cell that employs a capacitive counter electrode (100) and a faradaic working electrode
- ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS FOR USE IN ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESSES
- Patent Document Number 2090670:
- Magnetic resonance imaging system with a class-E radio frequency amplifier having a feedback circuit
- A Class-E amplifier has been adapted for use in the radio frequency section that drives a transmit coil of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system.
Publication number: US7397243
Publication date: 2008-07-08 - METHOD AND DEVICE FOR MONITORING RADIO-FREQUENCY EXPOSURE IN A MAGNETIC RESONANCE MEASUREMENT
- The present invention concerns a method for monitoring the physiologically effective radio-frequency exposure or in at least one specific volume region of an examination subject in a magnetic resonance measurement (i.e., data acquisition sequence or in a magnetic resonance system, the magnetic resonance system having a radio-frequency antenna structure with a number of individually controllable radio-frequency signal channels for generation of radio-frequency distributions in an examination volume including the examination subject. Moreover, the invention concerns a corresponding radio-frequency monitoring device for implementation of such a method as well as a magnetic resonance system with such a radio-frequency monitoring device.
Publication number: US2008157765
Publication date: 2008-07-03
Great books on Electrochemistry
Modern Electrochemistry 2A: Fundamentals of Electrodics
Amazon Price: $44.95 (as of 11/21/2008)
Electrochemistry
Amazon Price: $76.00 (as of 11/21/2008)
Modern Electrochemistry 2B: Electrodics in Chemistry, Engineering, Biology and Environmental Science
Amazon Price: $75.96 (as of 11/21/2008)
An Introduction To Electrochemistry
Amazon Price: $46.95 (as of 11/21/2008)
Electro-Chemistry
Amazon Price: $15.99 (as of 11/21/2008)
Electrochemical Videoes from Youtube
Some quick basic videoes on the subject at hand
New Guestbook
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Direct Brain-to-Muscle Electrical Circuit Helps Paralyzed Monkeys Move
By Brandon Keim October 15, 2008 | 1:40:27 PM
An external electrical circuit connecting the brain directly to a muscle allowed paralyzed monkeys to move their arms, an advance that could lead to neuroprosthetics for humans with spinal cord injuries.
The monkeys were only temporarily paralyzed, and much work remains before the technique could be used in humans - but as an alternative technological approach to paralysis, it's a powerful proof-of-principle.
"The force could push a button, or press keys on a keyboard - but it was more forceful than that," said University of Washington biophysicist Eberhard Fetz.
Brain-machine interfaces have previously been used to control robotic arms and computer cursors, but they required researchers to identify entire populations of neurons already associated with movement. By contrast, Fetz and his colleagues identified neurons not previously associated with motion, then used them to stimulate individual muscles rather than a robotic device.
"We used a direct connection between single cells and single muscles, which are then able to provide an intuitive and immediate consequence of cell activity," said Fetz. "It's much more direct than decoding a large population of cells."
The researchers started by connecting a computer to electrodes planted in each monkey's motor cortex, a brain region that controls movement and remains functional in people paralyzed by spinal cord injuries.
Electrical activity in the monkeys' cortexes affected an on-screen cursor, which the researchers trained the monkeys to control in target-practice games. Then they anesthetized the monkeys, cutting off their brains' natural motor signaling to the arms.
Instead, the electrodes were connected to flexor and extensor muscles in the monkeys' wrists - and when they used their brains in the same way they'd previously controlled a cursor, electrical signals caused their muscles to contract.
"This study demonstrates a novel approach to restoring movement through neuroprosthetic devices," said National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke program director Joseph Pancrazio in a press release. Pancrazio was not involved in the research, published today in Nature.
Fetz cautioned that the technique is far from ready, but was excited at its potential.
"Just about any cell in the motor cortex that could be recorded could be brought under volitional control," he said. "And it might involve having single cells trigger a programmed pattern of stimulation that triggers a coordinated movement, like grasping."
Instead of stimulating muscles, said Fetz, researchers could even stimulate the spinal cord.
"This typically produces a coordinated contraction of synergistic muscles," he said. "Stimulation there could be advantageous for generating more complex, useful movements."
Direct control of paralyzed muscles by cortical neurons [Nature]
Image: Nature
WiSci 2.0: Brandon Keim's Twitter stream and Del.icio.us feed; Wired Science on Facebook.
Article cite source
The monkeys were only temporarily paralyzed, and much work remains before the technique could be used in humans - but as an alternative technological approach to paralysis, it's a powerful proof-of-principle.
"The force could push a button, or press keys on a keyboard - but it was more forceful than that," said University of Washington biophysicist Eberhard Fetz.
Brain-machine interfaces have previously been used to control robotic arms and computer cursors, but they required researchers to identify entire populations of neurons already associated with movement. By contrast, Fetz and his colleagues identified neurons not previously associated with motion, then used them to stimulate individual muscles rather than a robotic device.
"We used a direct connection between single cells and single muscles, which are then able to provide an intuitive and immediate consequence of cell activity," said Fetz. "It's much more direct than decoding a large population of cells."
The researchers started by connecting a computer to electrodes planted in each monkey's motor cortex, a brain region that controls movement and remains functional in people paralyzed by spinal cord injuries.
Electrical activity in the monkeys' cortexes affected an on-screen cursor, which the researchers trained the monkeys to control in target-practice games. Then they anesthetized the monkeys, cutting off their brains' natural motor signaling to the arms.
Instead, the electrodes were connected to flexor and extensor muscles in the monkeys' wrists - and when they used their brains in the same way they'd previously controlled a cursor, electrical signals caused their muscles to contract.
"This study demonstrates a novel approach to restoring movement through neuroprosthetic devices," said National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke program director Joseph Pancrazio in a press release. Pancrazio was not involved in the research, published today in Nature.
Fetz cautioned that the technique is far from ready, but was excited at its potential.
"Just about any cell in the motor cortex that could be recorded could be brought under volitional control," he said. "And it might involve having single cells trigger a programmed pattern of stimulation that triggers a coordinated movement, like grasping."
Instead of stimulating muscles, said Fetz, researchers could even stimulate the spinal cord.
"This typically produces a coordinated contraction of synergistic muscles," he said. "Stimulation there could be advantageous for generating more complex, useful movements."
Direct control of paralyzed muscles by cortical neurons [Nature]
Image: Nature
WiSci 2.0: Brandon Keim's Twitter stream and Del.icio.us feed; Wired Science on Facebook.
Article cite source
