Radiation exposure is known to be dangerous to humans and its destructive effects can be quantified. A Gauss meter monitors strength and frequency of ambient radiation.

© Harry P. Schlanger, Jul 29, 2008

Invisible electromagnetic radiation is all around us and emanates from many diverse sources such as power lines, microwave ovens, and cell phones.

Scientists have proposed that electromagnetic radiation may pose serious health threats, ranging from childhood leukaemia to brain tumours. The mechanisms for inducing and absorbing radiation into our bodies depend strongly on the magnitude and oscillating frequency of the source. Cell phone radiation frequencies pose the most fearsome risks to human health.

Definitions of Terms

The literature in this field is replete with jargon and abbreviations. Therefore, a few commonly used terms need to be defined:

* EM: Electromagnetic
* EMF: Electromagnetic Fields
* ELF: Extremely Low Frequency

The frequency range needs to be understood. Household mains operate at 50 or 60 cycles per second (the unit is also called the Hertz or Hz). However:

* EM Radiation signals such as those coming from radio waves vary in the Mega Hertz (MHz) range. These signals oscillate much faster than mains - a one and five zeros times mains frequency.
* Cell phone radiation frequency can vary in the Giga Hertz (GHz) range, which is a one and eight zeros times mains frequency!

The Gauss Meter

The Gauss meter is used to measure field strength and frequencies (Fig. 1) of magnetic fields that permeate our environment.



Fig. 1 Variation of Field Strength

The device is small enough to be hand-held, and consists of the following features:

* Design. Inside the Gauss meter there is a coil of thin wire of many turns. As the magnetic field emanates into the coil, a current is induced. The size of the current provides a measure of field strength, recorded in the unit of Gauss. The meter also detects the frequency of the source.
* Units. The Tesla (T) is the unit of magnetic field strength. However, a common unit to measure alternating current field strength is the Gauss (G). The two units are related by a factor of ten thousand: 1 G = .0001T.

Bio-Effects and Health Risks

It is well known that alternating electric and magnetic fields outside the body are capable of inducing electric fields within the body. Radiant energy is absorbed according to three main processes (Reference EM003), which depend on the frequency of the radiation:


Fig. 2 Human Tissue Conductivity

• Signal-to-Tissue Coupling. Fig. 2 (Schwan, 1985) shows that human tissue's electrical conductivity is strongly dependent on the source frequency. Conductivity is relatively low until the Mega Hz range where it begins to rises significantly. Then, conductivity increases sharply by a factor of 200 or more in the Giga Hz range, which happens to overlap the cell phone frequency range.


• Aerial Effect. Fig. 3 (Durnley et al, 1978) shows that radiation absorption by living things is at an optimum occuring at a particular frequency of the source. The smaller the biological body, the higher is this optimum value, implying that children would be more at risk to exposure, especially in the GHz range.


• ELF. Extremely low frequency absorption in the brain and cells.

Fig 3. Human Tissue Radiation Absorption

Exposure to electromagnetic radiation (especially radio and radar signals, but also electrical occupations) over time will:

• Adversely affect neurological and cardiological activity


• Impair the immune and reproductive systems


• Increase the incidence of cancer

Conclusion

The strength of an alternating electromagnetic field is only a part of the measure of the severity of the radiation. Its "cycles per second" is another important factor that determines potency and how well the radiation is induced and absorbed into our bodies. According to the data presented, radiation in the ELF, MHz and Ghz ranges pose greatest health risks and it can be inferred that children will be at higher risk due to their smaller size. Cell phone radiation is particularly harmful due to the ease of electrical induction into the human body at its operating frequency range.

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