Ethos Fuel Reformulator
As a practicing Chartered Engineer I've come across many things that claim to offer fuel savings. I've seen enzyme pills, rare earth magnets, chloroparafin surface modifiers that really do reduce frictional losses in fact I've seen most things and tried a few. This product, Ethos FR, is the only one that has consistently performed and over performed in such a way that it's effects are unmistakable. It works in Diesel, petrol and LPG fuelled vehicles and is so simple to use that even my three 20 year old daughters can use it.
Quite how someone came up with this product is beyond me. It is a combination of 288 Esters and the benefits are that it improves combustion, improves lubrication, improves fuel consumption and dramatically cuts down carbon emissions. In very simple terms Esters are the chemicals that give things the characteristic smells - so the orange smells like an orange because of the particular ester.
To read more about Esters go to wikipedia .
BREAKING NEWS Jun 25, 2008
Ethos Environmental, Inc. a San Diego-based company, announced that
two more south Florida municipalities
have joined the City of North Miami in mandating the use of Ethos FR® in all city vehicles. In March of this year, the City of North Miami completed a testing protocol that resulted in a 12.5% improvement in fuel economy and a 19.34% reduction in harmful emissions with the use of Ethos Fuel Reformulator. Based on those results, North Miami mandated the use of Ethos FR® for the entire city fleet.Now, neighboring communities Bal Harbor and Boca Raton have completed their own testing periods. Bal Harbor Mayor Howard Berlin, along with the City Council, confirmed that the city's test vehicles showed a 12.6% improvement in fuel economy along with a reduction in harmful emissions -- as measured in opacity -- of 34%. Bal Harbor will be using Ethos FR® in all city vehicles, effective immediately.
In the nearby city of Boca Raton, a four-month testing period on municipal vehicles has also yielded excellent results. Boca Raton has authorized a purchase order to supply Ethos FR® for all city vehicles for one year.
Patrick Glennon, president of Ethos Environmental East, Inc., said, "We are very excited that these cities have seen the benefit of using Ethos FR®. This is an area of the country with high expectations for air quality and these cities have recognized that by using Ethos Fuel Reformulator they can bring immediate improvement to their environment and save on fuel budgets too. We commend the cities of Bal Harbor and Boca Raton for their extensive testing, and we look forward to continuing our service to them."
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Diesel Fuel Prices - Daily Updates
TIPS ON HOW TO CUT FUEL COSTS
Oil Prices Hit an All Time High
Obviously driving less, using mass transit, biking, walking or purchasing a fuel efficient vehicle are the best ways to cut your fuel consumption. But for those times where driving a car is a necessity, here are some tips:
- Drive slower: According to everyone, most cars get about 20 percent more miles per gallon at 55 miles per hour than they do at 70 miles per hour.
- Decrease the number of short trips you make. Short trips drastically reduce MPG. If a car gets 30 miles per gallon in general, it may get only 15 miles per gallon on a short trip of 5 miles or less.
- Turn off your engine if you stop for more than one minute. (This does not apply if you are in traffic.) Restarting the automobile will use less gasoline than idling for more than one minute.
- Don't be a jerky driver: Jumpy starts and fast getaways can burn over 50 percent more fuel than normal acceleration.
- A well maintained car (oil change, fuel filters, tyre pressure, alignment) gets an average of 10 percent better fuel efficiency.
- Anticipate: By looking well ahead of where you are driving and slowing down without using the brakes you can improve MPG dramatically.
New Table of Contents
- BREAKING NEWS Jun 25, 2008
- New Poll Module
- Diesel Fuel Prices - Daily Updates
- TIPS ON HOW TO CUT FUEL COSTS
- Benefits Of Ethos FR
- What Are Esters
- More On Esters
- Don't Be Under Any Illusion
- News from Petrol Prices.com
- Cut Your Motoring Fuel Costs
- How Much Tax on Fuel
- Fuel tax costs
- ETHOS Fuel Reformulator
- Does Ethos FR Really Work
- What People are Saying
- How Much Can I save
- Get more Information
- More Personal Stories
- What it looks like
- UK Testimonial
- UK Omega 2.5TD July 2006
- UK - Testimony - Peugeot 205 Diesel (non Turbo - H Reg)
- UK Testimony - Skoda Fabia 1.9 Diesel
- Testimony - Seat leon 1.9 TDi (90) 42,000 miles - Nov 9 2007
- testimony Jan 2008
- School Bus Study Results
- New Guestbook
- Green Cars
- Electric Cars
- Hybrid Cars
- Hydrogen Cars
- Solar Cars
- New YouTube vids
- New YouTube vids
- Great Links all about saving money on fuel
- New Wikipedia
- New SquidooCool Blog
- US Fuel Prices In California hit $4/gallon in June 2008
- Great Links tell me which one you like best
- Who Is this Lensmaster
- New Amazon Plexo
- New Featured Lenses
- New Featured Lenses
Benefits Of Ethos FR
Here are the benefits of using Ethos FR fuel reformulator
- - safe to use and handle
- - non flammable
- - environmentally non polluting
- - reduces harmful emissions
- - economy improved by 7-19%
- - cleans the inner workings of engine and fuel system
- - engines run cooler and cleaner and quieter
- - reduced wear and more power
What Are Esters
In the simplest terms, esters can be defined as the reaction products of acids and alcohols. Thousands of different kinds of esters are commercially produced for a broad range of applications. Within the realm of synthetic lubrication, a relatively small substantial family of esters have been found to be very useful in severe environment applications.
Esters have been used successfully in lubrication for more than 50 years and are the preferred stock in many severe applications where their benefits solve problems or bring value. For example, esters have been used exclusively in jet engine lubricants worldwide for over 40 years due to their unique combination of low temperature flowability with clean high temperature operation. Esters are also the preferred stock in the new synthetic refrigeration lubricants used with CFC replacement refrigerants. Here the combination of branching and polarity make the esters miscible with the HFC refrigerants and improves both low and high temperature performance characteristics. In automotive applications, the first qualified synthetic crankcase motor oils were based entirely on esters and these products were quite successful when properly formulated. Esters have given way to Polyalphaolefins (PAOs) in this application due to PAOs lower cost and their formulating similarities to mineral oil. Nevertheless, esters are nearly always used in combination with PAOs in full synthetic motor oils in order to balance the effect on seals, solubilize additives, reduce volatility, and improve energy efficiency through higher lubricity. The percentage of ester used in motor oils can vary anywhere from 5 to 25% depending upon the desired properties and the type of ester employed.
Esters have been used successfully in lubrication for more than 50 years and are the preferred stock in many severe applications where their benefits solve problems or bring value. For example, esters have been used exclusively in jet engine lubricants worldwide for over 40 years due to their unique combination of low temperature flowability with clean high temperature operation. Esters are also the preferred stock in the new synthetic refrigeration lubricants used with CFC replacement refrigerants. Here the combination of branching and polarity make the esters miscible with the HFC refrigerants and improves both low and high temperature performance characteristics. In automotive applications, the first qualified synthetic crankcase motor oils were based entirely on esters and these products were quite successful when properly formulated. Esters have given way to Polyalphaolefins (PAOs) in this application due to PAOs lower cost and their formulating similarities to mineral oil. Nevertheless, esters are nearly always used in combination with PAOs in full synthetic motor oils in order to balance the effect on seals, solubilize additives, reduce volatility, and improve energy efficiency through higher lubricity. The percentage of ester used in motor oils can vary anywhere from 5 to 25% depending upon the desired properties and the type of ester employed.
More On Esters
Ester lubricants have already captured certain niches in the industrial market such as reciprocating air compressors and high temperature industrial oven chain lubricants. When one focuses on high temperature extremes and their telltale signs such as smoking, wear, and deposits, the potential applications for the problem solving ester lubricants are virtually endless.
In many ways esters are very similar to the more commonly known and used synthetic hydrocarbons or PAOs. Like PAOs, esters are synthesized form relatively pure and simple starting materials to produce predetermined molecular structures designed specifically for high performance lubrication. Both types of synthetic base stocks are primarily branched hydrocarbons which are thermally and oxidatively stable, have high viscosity indices, and lack the undesirable and unstable impurities found in conventional petroleum based oils. The primary structural difference between esters and PAOs is the presence of multiple ester linkages (COOR) in esters which impart polarity to the molecules. This polarity affects the way esters behave as lubricants in the following ways:
Volatility: The polarity of the ester molecules causes them to be attracted to one another and this intermolecular attraction requires more energy (heat) for the esters to transfer from a liquid to a gaseous state. Therefore, at a given molecular weight or viscosity, the esters will exhibit a lower vapor pressure which translates into a higher flash point and a lower rate of evaporation for the lubricant. Generally speaking, the more ester linkages in a specific ester the higher its flash point and the lower its volatility.
Lubricity: Polarity also causes the ester molecules to be attracted to positively charged metal surfaces. As a result, the molecules tend to line up on the metal surface creating a film which requires additional energy (load) to penetrate. The result is a stronger film which translates into higher lubricity and lower energy consumption on lubricant applications.
Detergency/Dispersency: The polar nature of esters also makes them good solvents and dispersants. This allows the esters to solubilize or disperse oil degradation by-products which might otherwise be deposited as varnish or sludge, and translates into cleaner operation and improved additive solubility in the final lubricant.
Biodegradability: While stable against oxidative and thermal breakdown, the ester linkage provides a vulnerable site for microbes to begin their work of biodegrading the ester molecule. This translates into very high biodegradability rates for ester lubricants and allows more environmentally friendly products to be formulated.
In many ways esters are very similar to the more commonly known and used synthetic hydrocarbons or PAOs. Like PAOs, esters are synthesized form relatively pure and simple starting materials to produce predetermined molecular structures designed specifically for high performance lubrication. Both types of synthetic base stocks are primarily branched hydrocarbons which are thermally and oxidatively stable, have high viscosity indices, and lack the undesirable and unstable impurities found in conventional petroleum based oils. The primary structural difference between esters and PAOs is the presence of multiple ester linkages (COOR) in esters which impart polarity to the molecules. This polarity affects the way esters behave as lubricants in the following ways:
Volatility: The polarity of the ester molecules causes them to be attracted to one another and this intermolecular attraction requires more energy (heat) for the esters to transfer from a liquid to a gaseous state. Therefore, at a given molecular weight or viscosity, the esters will exhibit a lower vapor pressure which translates into a higher flash point and a lower rate of evaporation for the lubricant. Generally speaking, the more ester linkages in a specific ester the higher its flash point and the lower its volatility.
Lubricity: Polarity also causes the ester molecules to be attracted to positively charged metal surfaces. As a result, the molecules tend to line up on the metal surface creating a film which requires additional energy (load) to penetrate. The result is a stronger film which translates into higher lubricity and lower energy consumption on lubricant applications.
Detergency/Dispersency: The polar nature of esters also makes them good solvents and dispersants. This allows the esters to solubilize or disperse oil degradation by-products which might otherwise be deposited as varnish or sludge, and translates into cleaner operation and improved additive solubility in the final lubricant.
Biodegradability: While stable against oxidative and thermal breakdown, the ester linkage provides a vulnerable site for microbes to begin their work of biodegrading the ester molecule. This translates into very high biodegradability rates for ester lubricants and allows more environmentally friendly products to be formulated.
Don't Be Under Any Illusion
Fuel Prices aren't going down
With the rise in crude oil prices over the last 6 months analysts are predicting that we are going to see fuel prices top £1.25 by June 2008 and £1.50/litre by the end of the Summer. Who knows where it will be by the end of the year. What is certain is that it will have increased and will be closer to £1.80/litre than it is now.
Fuel is becoming the most critical factor in many businesses today and will not only affect profitability but may lead to businesses closing.
Act today to improve your business profitability by using Ethos FR to cut your fuel bills by 15-20% and steal a march on your competitors.
Fuel is becoming the most critical factor in many businesses today and will not only affect profitability but may lead to businesses closing.
Act today to improve your business profitability by using Ethos FR to cut your fuel bills by 15-20% and steal a march on your competitors.
News from Petrol Prices.com
Fetching RSS feed... please stand byCut Your Motoring Fuel Costs
Petrol Prices is a simple to use, free website dedicated to finding cheap petrol. Enter your postcode, tell it how far you're willing to travel (2, 5, 10 or 20 miles) and it'll list today's cheapest petrol stations in your area for unleaded, diesel, LPG and other fuels.In Apr 08, for a sample postcode the average price within a 10 mile radius was 111p, the highest price was 116.9p and the cheapest price 106.9p. These small percentage savings add up to serious cash over a year, for heavier drivers it'll be £100s.
This info is a by-product of the data corporate fuel card companies collect. These cards are used by big company fleet drivers when they pay for petrol. Fubra, the company behind Petrolprices has set up the site based on this data, which it bought.
How does it make money?
To access the info, you need to register, which is free, however this means it's collecting a database of customers which it can use to develop other services and referral systems to capitalise on. It already has links to car and home insurers on other bits of the site.
Unconfirmed industry rumours suggest it paid £70,000 for a year's data. Website technology is cheap to implement, so this is a cost-effective way of building a popular consumer service website.
Martin Lewis - Money Saving Expert
How Much Tax on Fuel
Just look at the rise in fuel prices over the last 10 years - look at the tax on fuel.
Fuel tax costs
Where does the money we pay in fuel costs end up?
ETHOS Fuel Reformulator
Hear what Ethos FR is doing in terms of reduced fuel consumption and emissions and wear and tear.
EthosFR
EthosFR is a product what saves you money on your fuel costs and saves the invorment. Just have a look at our site, WWW.ETHOSFR.EU
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Does Ethos FR Really Work
who is using it
One of the most common questions being asked is - Does Ethos FR Really work. In this section I'll attempt to give you the low down. So who is using it and why?
- The People's Republic of China - One of the requirements of the International Olympic Committee's decision to allow the Chinese to host the Olympics was that they deal with the air pollution in the city of Beijing. The city's entire bus and truck fleets have been using Ethos FR for 4 years to reduce the airborne pollutants. You don't pull the wool over the Chinese Government.
- US Defence Department - has been using the early version of ester based fuel reformulators in its fuel for 20 years and has documented reduced maintenance requirements and better fuel consumption. You don't fool the DU Dept of Defence
- Allied Waste - a waste haulage firm across the entire USA. They too have documented reduced maintenance and a fuel saving over $20US Million. You don't fool commercial operations of this scale.
- Thousands of US and European private motorists.
- If you don't believe it do your research and we'll let you try some free of charge - provided you meet certain requirements.
- SEMA '07 Best & Worst
The Ethos For Earth Indy Car was proudly unveiled at the SEMA Show in Las Vegas, Nevada on October 30th, 2007. The Speciality Equipment Market Association (SEMA) Show is a premier automotive specialty products trade event. As part of the Automotive Aftermarket Industry Association (AAIW), the SEMA Show attracts more than 100,000 industry leaders looking for opportunities in the automotive, truck and SUV, marine and RV markets. Visit SEMA '07 Best & Worst to see the Ethos For Earth indy car and other stories from this recent event.
What People are Saying
Example of Corporate Success story with our Product:Allied Waste Services (a publicly traded company) is the second largest waste management company in the U.S. and currently burns about a million gallons of fuel per day. They have been customers of the Ethos FR Product for over 6 years and in that time they have realized fuel savings of over $1.2 Million annually.
Does Ethos FR Really Work - Ask Allied Waste!
"This is the very most important question to ask, for if it doesn't, nothing else matters". Jerry Schnitzius, General Manager of the San Diego area operation of Allied Waste Services came to the meeting and told us of his company's experience with Ethos FR.
Being a trained mechanic, he said there is no such thing as "a miracle in a can," and it wasn't until Enrique De Vilmorin's 7th visit that he consented to allow Enrique to put some of that stuff in one of his trucks.
And when he finally did, he made him put it in an old truck that was about ready to go to the junkyard. Ethos FR immediately reduced the opacity (blackness of exhaust smoke) from 80 to 20.
Opacity is one of the most important tests on diesel engines in California. Still not convinced, they tested it on more trucks for six months before giving the go ahead to put it in all trucks within Jerry's operations.
Since 2000, the average opacity for the entire fleet is approximately 10.
The employees now use Ethos FR in their personal vehicles and Jerry said, "If it doesn't work, it's because you don't use it." They put Ethos FR in the fuel, and crankcases of all their trucks.
The decision has been made to use Ethos FR by Allied in Texas and soon across the nation by all Allied operations.
Allied Waste Services the second largest waste management company in the U.S. is currently burning about a million gallons of fuel per day.
Do you honestly believe they would continue spending millions of dollars per year for a product that doesn't work?"
Have you used Ethos? If not, why not? Order some today! Experience what so many others have. We know you will be pleased with the results.
How Much Can I save
In very simple terms every time you fill up with £50 worth of fuel you can effectively save £10. Click the Picture to find out more.
Get more Information
More Personal Stories
I was excited about the product after hearing about it from a friend and was very keen to try it for myself. As I'm conscious of green issues the idea of saving money on petrol and at the same time helping the environment intrigued me. A few days after receiving my 12oz bottle of Ethos FR I decided to book an emissions test at my local garage to see for myself a "before and after product result" and when my 8 year old Skoda diesel failed the test I was horrified. I then used the product as instructed and drove for 43 miles before returning for a retest a few days later. To my delight the car passed first time and surprised the mechanic who was testing the car. This proved to me that the product really reduces emissions! (I have the test results to prove it!) Since August 2006 I have been using the product at every fill up and have saved over 20% on average on my fuel bills. It really works !!. I decided to join the distribution team and love promoting the product, who wouldn't considering what it does? I hope you'll try it for yourself like I did and make your own mind up!Charlotte Smith- Isle of Wight.
What it looks like
UK Testimonial
My testimonial is that my first tank of fuel using Ethos Fr produced an 11%increase in MPG. The second tank with Ethos FR produced a 17 increase in MPG with 25% extra long distance driving. Overall the increase is an average of 14%. I save at least £10 on every tank of fuel.
Andy Cullingford - UK
Andy Cullingford - UK
UK Omega 2.5TD July 2006
153,000 miles and emissions less than 10% of what is allowed
This is where my story starts. Imagine the horror of an MOT with a previous advisory note that the emissions were close to the limit. 5 weeks before the test in July 2006 we started to use ethos FR as directed on the label. The previous test had produced results of 2.8 l/m with a limit of 3 l/m.Got the dreaded call from the garage and the car had passed. Picked it up and asked about the emissions test and was given a copy of the results and the readings were now under 0.3 l/m or less than 10% of the allowable limits. I was amazed and delighted - to adjust the fuel pump or even change the injectors was looking very expensive £400 plus. So for the price of a bottle of Ethos FR i saved close to £400 or more in one moment. We now use
Download the Test Certificate
Jan 2008 Update
The car has now done 170,000 miles and is going from strength to strength. We recently did almost 500 miles of 75% round town driving on a tank of fuel which in this big heavy vehicle is unheard of. Normally we would anticipate filling up at about 400 miles of this sort of driving so to get to 500 miles is a real bonus and backs up the idea that we are getting close to 20% improvement in economy.
Feb 2008 Update
I recently had to travel on business to Liverpool and back in the same day - I don't recommend it. Previously I had got close to 500 miles before i needed to fill up - on this trip i actually did 638 miles before needing to fill up. Thats a 27% increase in miles per gallon - i think thats impressive - and it wasn't driving with a particularly light foot.
UK - Testimony - Peugeot 205 Diesel (non Turbo - H Reg)
A colleague used Ethos FR in his H registered Peugeot 205 Diesel with over 130,000 miles on the clock. This car has definitely seen better days but it ran. After just a few days with Ethos FR in fuel tank and oil system the smoke reduced on startup and running and power increased. So much so that on a hill in Cornwall that he regularly travels up to work he tells the story that he used to have to drop to 3rd or sometimes even 2nd gear from 4th or 5th. Since using Ethos FR he can now climb the hill in 4th gear with ease and even accelerates.His fuel consumption has improved by at least 15% and the car continues to perform better than ever thought possible.
UK Testimony - Skoda Fabia 1.9 Diesel
Sam's car is 5 years old and has done close to 100,000 miles and is used every day and clocks up over another 1500 miles per month. Being a normally aspirated diesel it was expected to do 50+ miles per gallon and more on a long run especially if driven carefully. She used Ethos FR in the engine oil and fuel as recommended and in her first month averaged over 60mpg - almost 20% improvement. The car appears to have more power and is definitely quieter. It is due for its first service in December 2007 and she anticipates even better results after the oil change.Sam B Bath, North Somerset, England, UK
Testimony - Seat leon 1.9 TDi (90) 42,000 miles - Nov 9 2007
I tried this Ethos FR because my dad raved about it. Shortly afterwards i was commuting 90 miles twice a day and the fuel used was at least 10% less than I'd been getting before. The car goes so well and I use Ethos FR every time I fill up and I'll be adding some more to the engine oil (or my dad will be when he does the oil change). I've noticed the car is more responsive at lower speed now and that can only be the Ethos FR as nothing else has changed. RBUpdate 10 Jan 2008
The car has just had its annual MOT and it sailed through its emissions test with absolutely no problem. We've done the oil change and the filter change and the good news keeps on coming. Even though i've been doing mainly short journeys around town the emissions average was less than 20% of the permitted maximum. Recently we drove 700 miles on a single tank of fuel - our previous best was just about 600 miles. Ethos FR goes from strength to strength. RB 10 Jan 2008
testimony Jan 2008
An elderly gentleman, who lives in a rural Somerset location bought a Mitsubishi Pajero 2.8TD as his main vehicle for towing trailers. He used ethos fr in both the fuel and engine oil and was so surprised by the results that he phone me up and told me that the engine had become far quieter and smoother. He does very little mileage but the smoothness and quietness is a big plus for him.
School Bus Study Results
Impressive Results in only 8 weeks
In just 8 weeks the school bus fleet showed the following results:
Polution reduced by an average of 35%
Engines running cooler - better reliability
Less smokey exhausts
Miles per Gallon increased by 9.5%
Savings per year $15,865
Click Here to Download the document
Polution reduced by an average of 35%
Engines running cooler - better reliability
Less smokey exhausts
Miles per Gallon increased by 9.5%
Savings per year $15,865
Click Here to Download the document
New Guestbook
MJR Productions
You make your own statement on the UK fuel prices with one of these excellent t-shirts. The pre-configured text can be changed to what ever you want to say.
http://mjrproductions.spreadshirt.net/en/GB/Shop/Index/index/search/Petrol
Posted June 21, 2008
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personal-finance-course
Nice lens, 5 stars. This is why we need to explore the potential for 'Water Powered Cars' My lens, Water For Gas, has more information on How To Run Your Car On Water Posted May 26, 2008 |
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MichaelTesselaar
He Paul you're site is looking realy good. I use the product for a few months and you're right it realy works so thanks for you're advice! and I recomend it to everybody who I know. Posted April 23, 2008 |
Valentine Imonje
From the lay out and information about Ethos Fr I know for sure we are headed for bigger times in the fuel and motor industry.For efficiency and saving maniacs like me this is the best news of the year.
Posted February 25, 2008
Valentine Imonje
From the lay out and information about Ethos Fr I know for sure we are headed for bigger times in the fuel and motor industry.For efficiency and saving maniacs like me this is the best news of the year.
Posted February 25, 2008
Valentine Imonje
From the lay out and information about Ethos Fr I know for sure we are headed for bigger times in the fuel and motor industry.For efficiency and saving maniacs like me this is the best news of the year.
Posted February 25, 2008
Green Cars
No not the colour - the environmental effect
Many people consider their car as an essential part of everyday life. However, cars are major polluters and cause damage to our natural environment. The burning of fossil fuel results in the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, and is contributing to the effect of global warming. This growing concern has led to the idea of 'green' cars, which cause less damage to the environment.
What is a green car?
A green car is a vehicle that is considered to be environmentally friendly and have less of a damaging impact on the environment as conventional cars. A green car consumes less petroleum than conventional cars or use renewable energy sources to fuel its engine. There are a number of green cars available today:
* Electric cars
* Hybrid cars
* Hydrogen cars
* Solar cars
Volvo V50 Conventional cars can become more environmentally friendly if used in the correct manner. You can save money, improve your cars fuel efficiency and help the environment by following some simple tips:
* Drive in the highest possible gear.
* Drive smoothly.
* Switch off the engine if you are stationary for more than a few minutes.
* Don't load unnecessary items.
* Keep the windows closed.
* Check your tyre pressure, your car will have better fuel efficiency with higher tyre pressure.
* Don't use the car on short journeys, walk instead.
What is a green car?
A green car is a vehicle that is considered to be environmentally friendly and have less of a damaging impact on the environment as conventional cars. A green car consumes less petroleum than conventional cars or use renewable energy sources to fuel its engine. There are a number of green cars available today:
* Electric cars
* Hybrid cars
* Hydrogen cars
* Solar cars
Volvo V50 Conventional cars can become more environmentally friendly if used in the correct manner. You can save money, improve your cars fuel efficiency and help the environment by following some simple tips:
* Drive in the highest possible gear.
* Drive smoothly.
* Switch off the engine if you are stationary for more than a few minutes.
* Don't load unnecessary items.
* Keep the windows closed.
* Check your tyre pressure, your car will have better fuel efficiency with higher tyre pressure.
* Don't use the car on short journeys, walk instead.
Electric Cars
An electric car uses electric motors instead of internal combustion engines. They store chemical energy in rechargeable battery packs and are more energy efficient than most conventional cars that use internal combustion engines.
* They do not produce any exhaust fumes.
* Some battery packs are capable of being charged from renewable energy sources, in which case would produce little pollution.
* They do not produce noxious fumes.
* They are much quieter than internal combustion vehicles.
* Many electric cars have regenerative braking, which means that when the car brakes, the battery is partially recharged. This also reduces wear on the brakes.
* Many electric cars can travel hundreds of miles without the need to recharge the battery packs.
Electric cars decrease the need for petroleum powered vehicles and reduce the effect of global warming. They have good fuel efficiency and many have an acceleration performance that exceeds that of conventional cars. However, electric cars do have some limitations:
* Travel distance between battery recharging is limited. This travel time depends on the drivers performance, the shape and weight of the car and the type of battery used:
o Lead-acid batteries have a range of 20 to 80 miles.
o NiMH batteries can deliver up to 120 miles.
o Lithium-ion batteries can deliver a range of 250 to 300 miles in a single charge.
* Some cars may take a long time to recharge the battery packs.
* Some cars have batteries with a short lifespan.
Although these drawbacks can be seen with electric cars, new technologies are producing batteries with a longer lifespan and reduced recharging time.
* They do not produce any exhaust fumes.
* Some battery packs are capable of being charged from renewable energy sources, in which case would produce little pollution.
* They do not produce noxious fumes.
* They are much quieter than internal combustion vehicles.
* Many electric cars have regenerative braking, which means that when the car brakes, the battery is partially recharged. This also reduces wear on the brakes.
* Many electric cars can travel hundreds of miles without the need to recharge the battery packs.
Electric cars decrease the need for petroleum powered vehicles and reduce the effect of global warming. They have good fuel efficiency and many have an acceleration performance that exceeds that of conventional cars. However, electric cars do have some limitations:
* Travel distance between battery recharging is limited. This travel time depends on the drivers performance, the shape and weight of the car and the type of battery used:
o Lead-acid batteries have a range of 20 to 80 miles.
o NiMH batteries can deliver up to 120 miles.
o Lithium-ion batteries can deliver a range of 250 to 300 miles in a single charge.
* Some cars may take a long time to recharge the battery packs.
* Some cars have batteries with a short lifespan.
Although these drawbacks can be seen with electric cars, new technologies are producing batteries with a longer lifespan and reduced recharging time.
Hybrid Cars
A hybrid car uses both electric motors and internal combustion engines to run the vehicle. These cars use petrol or diesel to power internal combustion engines and use electric batteries to power electric motors. They use less petroleum than conventional cars and therefore produce less pollution.
* Some hybrid cars use an internal combustion engine to generate electricity and recharge the battery, unlike electric cars that recharge the battery from an external source.
* They are much quieter than conventional vehicles.
* They consume less fuel compared with conventional cars, so therefore produce less air pollution.
* The internal combustion engine used in hybrid cars is smaller, lighter and more efficient than conventional vehicles.
* Many hybrid cars have regenerative braking, which means that when the car brakes, the battery is partially recharged. This also reduces wear on the brakes.
Hybrid cars can be more fuel efficient than conventional cars, resulting in cheaper running costs and less damage to the environment. However, there are some drawbacks to hybrid cars:
* Some hybrid cars are designed to have a power boost rather than to improve fuel efficiency, in which case there would be no benefit to the environment or running cost.
* Hybrid cars are generally more complex than conventional cars; this may result in increased repair costs.
* Hybrid cars may be more expensive to purchase than conventional cars.
Hydrogen Cars
* Some hybrid cars use an internal combustion engine to generate electricity and recharge the battery, unlike electric cars that recharge the battery from an external source.
* They are much quieter than conventional vehicles.
* They consume less fuel compared with conventional cars, so therefore produce less air pollution.
* The internal combustion engine used in hybrid cars is smaller, lighter and more efficient than conventional vehicles.
* Many hybrid cars have regenerative braking, which means that when the car brakes, the battery is partially recharged. This also reduces wear on the brakes.
Hybrid cars can be more fuel efficient than conventional cars, resulting in cheaper running costs and less damage to the environment. However, there are some drawbacks to hybrid cars:
* Some hybrid cars are designed to have a power boost rather than to improve fuel efficiency, in which case there would be no benefit to the environment or running cost.
* Hybrid cars are generally more complex than conventional cars; this may result in increased repair costs.
* Hybrid cars may be more expensive to purchase than conventional cars.
Hydrogen Cars
Hydrogen Cars
Hydrogen cars use hydrogen as the primary source of power opposed to petrol. They are not a huge success at the moment and only a few hydrogen cars have been produced so far. There are two ways in which hydrogen can be used to power a vehicle:
* Combustion conversion, where hydrogen is burned in engines in much the same way as conventional cars.
* Fuel-cell conversion, where fuel cells turn the hydrogen into electricity to power internal electric motors.
Hydrogen cars have many benefits to the environment:
* These cars use oxygen from the air and hydrogen as a power source, this produces water vapour as exhaust which is better for the surrounding environment.
* Hydrogen is produced at centralised power plants where the by-products of burning fossil fuels can be better controlled.
* It may also be possible to produce hydrogen from renewable energy sources, this means that there would be no increase in carbon dioxide emissions.
There are many drawbacks to hydrogen cars, which is why they have not made it onto the market as of yet. It will be many years before these challenges are overcome:
* They are expensive to produce.
* They have high running costs and low energy efficiency.
These technical challenges are unlikely to be solved for several decades. However, Transport for London are taking the first step towards overcoming these challenges by investing in hydrogen fuel cell buses. They have a fuel cell that combines hydrogen with oxygen to produce water, this process creates electricity to power the vehicle. It is hoped that the buses will reduce noise and air pollution in London and serve as a positive influence to the rest of the world.
* Combustion conversion, where hydrogen is burned in engines in much the same way as conventional cars.
* Fuel-cell conversion, where fuel cells turn the hydrogen into electricity to power internal electric motors.
Hydrogen cars have many benefits to the environment:
* These cars use oxygen from the air and hydrogen as a power source, this produces water vapour as exhaust which is better for the surrounding environment.
* Hydrogen is produced at centralised power plants where the by-products of burning fossil fuels can be better controlled.
* It may also be possible to produce hydrogen from renewable energy sources, this means that there would be no increase in carbon dioxide emissions.
There are many drawbacks to hydrogen cars, which is why they have not made it onto the market as of yet. It will be many years before these challenges are overcome:
* They are expensive to produce.
* They have high running costs and low energy efficiency.
These technical challenges are unlikely to be solved for several decades. However, Transport for London are taking the first step towards overcoming these challenges by investing in hydrogen fuel cell buses. They have a fuel cell that combines hydrogen with oxygen to produce water, this process creates electricity to power the vehicle. It is hoped that the buses will reduce noise and air pollution in London and serve as a positive influence to the rest of the world.
Solar Cars
A solar car uses solar energy to power the vehicle. It obtains solar energy by using solar panels on the surface of the car and converts it into electrical energy. There are tremendous benefits of solar cars to the environment:
* There are no exhaust fumes.
* There is no release of greenhouse or noxious gases, reducing global warming and improving human health.
* They are quieter than conventional cars.
* As they run on sunlight, there is no fuel cost.
However, solar cars are yet to make it into the market as practical transportation for many reasons:
* They can only travel a limited distance without the sun, which could be problematic on cloudy days and at night.
* Solar cells are very fragile and can be easily damaged.
* Solar cars are built for function not comfort and can usually only fit one or two people.
* There are no exhaust fumes.
* There is no release of greenhouse or noxious gases, reducing global warming and improving human health.
* They are quieter than conventional cars.
* As they run on sunlight, there is no fuel cost.
However, solar cars are yet to make it into the market as practical transportation for many reasons:
* They can only travel a limited distance without the sun, which could be problematic on cloudy days and at night.
* Solar cells are very fragile and can be easily damaged.
* Solar cars are built for function not comfort and can usually only fit one or two people.
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- Ester - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- What are Esters
New Wikipedia
Esters are a class of chemical compounds and functional groups. Esters consist of an inorganic or organic acid in which at least one -OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an -O-alkyl (alkoxy) group. Some acids that are commonly esterified are carboxylic acids, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and boric acid. Volatile esters, particularly carboxylate esters, often have a pleasant smell and are found in perfumes, essential oils, and pheromones, and give many fruits their scent. Ethyl acetate and methyl acetate are important solvents; fatty acid esters form fat and lipids; phosphoesters form the backbone of DNA molecules; and polyesters are important plastics. Cyclic esters are called lactones. The name "ester" is derived from the German Essig-Äther (literally: vinegar ether), an old name for ethyl acetate. Esters can be synthesized in a condensation reaction between an acid and an alcohol in a reaction known as esterification.
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US Fuel Prices In California hit $4/gallon in June 2008
what will that mean in the UK £1.50/litre or more is possible
Expect gasoline prices to surge this spring, analysts say. Higher demand is one reason.
Los Angeles Times - December 27, 2007
Gasoline could average $3.75 a gallon across the U.S. in a few months, pushing the price in California up and over the $4 mark, energy analysts said Wednesday.
Several factors point toward a nightmarish spring for motorists, they said, including persistently strong crude oil costs and the fact that the traditional December drop in pump prices didn't materialize.
"If anyone expects gas to be less than a new record, they are not thinking," said Fadel Gheit, senior energy analyst for Oppenheimer & Co. "There is no question it will be much higher than last year."
Americans will start 2008 paying about 65 cents more a gallon than they did in January 2007, according to the forecasts, and by April could see self-serve regular selling for $3.50 to $3.75 a gallon.
In California -- where gas this year has fetched as much as 50 cents more than the national average -- $4 a gallon "will no longer be considered a rogue number," said Tom Kloza, chief oil analyst for the Oil Price Information Service. "It will list for that much in a lot of places."
"It's unprecedented having prices this high at the end of the year," said Marie Montgomery, a spokeswoman for the Automobile Club of Southern California.
Pump prices usually fall between Labor Day and the end of the year, in recent years dropping about 17% in California.
This year they did the reverse, gaining 17%.
Demand was one reason. Kloza of the Oil Price Information Service said Americans would burn about 2.5 million more gallons of gasoline this week than they did during the same week in 2006.
But the main culprit for high gas prices was the cost of crude oil, which on the futures market closed at $95.97 a barrel Wednesday in New York.
The benchmark grade of U.S. crude averaged $72 a barrel this year, the Energy Department said, up from $60.23 last year, $50.23 in 2005 and $36.98 in 2004.
Next year, the agency said in its short-term energy outlook, the average could be $85.
Both gasoline and diesel prices "are projected to average well over $3 per gallon in 2008, with gasoline prices peaking at over $3.40 per gallon next spring," the outlook said.
Gas costs more in California than nationally because the state requires a special blend to meet stiff air-quality standards and because the formula switches to a more costly summer blend before much of the rest of the nation.
Kloza said that nationally for the last 25 years, the difference in the price of gas from the winter low to the spring high has been about 59%.
"I don't think we will see a typical surge, and we don't have to," Kloza said. With an increase of just 30%, he said, "you're talking about 75 cents a gallon more from where they are now."
Los Angeles Times - December 27, 2007
Gasoline could average $3.75 a gallon across the U.S. in a few months, pushing the price in California up and over the $4 mark, energy analysts said Wednesday.
Several factors point toward a nightmarish spring for motorists, they said, including persistently strong crude oil costs and the fact that the traditional December drop in pump prices didn't materialize.
"If anyone expects gas to be less than a new record, they are not thinking," said Fadel Gheit, senior energy analyst for Oppenheimer & Co. "There is no question it will be much higher than last year."
Americans will start 2008 paying about 65 cents more a gallon than they did in January 2007, according to the forecasts, and by April could see self-serve regular selling for $3.50 to $3.75 a gallon.
In California -- where gas this year has fetched as much as 50 cents more than the national average -- $4 a gallon "will no longer be considered a rogue number," said Tom Kloza, chief oil analyst for the Oil Price Information Service. "It will list for that much in a lot of places."
"It's unprecedented having prices this high at the end of the year," said Marie Montgomery, a spokeswoman for the Automobile Club of Southern California.
Pump prices usually fall between Labor Day and the end of the year, in recent years dropping about 17% in California.
This year they did the reverse, gaining 17%.
Demand was one reason. Kloza of the Oil Price Information Service said Americans would burn about 2.5 million more gallons of gasoline this week than they did during the same week in 2006.
But the main culprit for high gas prices was the cost of crude oil, which on the futures market closed at $95.97 a barrel Wednesday in New York.
The benchmark grade of U.S. crude averaged $72 a barrel this year, the Energy Department said, up from $60.23 last year, $50.23 in 2005 and $36.98 in 2004.
Next year, the agency said in its short-term energy outlook, the average could be $85.
Both gasoline and diesel prices "are projected to average well over $3 per gallon in 2008, with gasoline prices peaking at over $3.40 per gallon next spring," the outlook said.
Gas costs more in California than nationally because the state requires a special blend to meet stiff air-quality standards and because the formula switches to a more costly summer blend before much of the rest of the nation.
Kloza said that nationally for the last 25 years, the difference in the price of gas from the winter low to the spring high has been about 59%.
"I don't think we will see a typical surge, and we don't have to," Kloza said. With an increase of just 30%, he said, "you're talking about 75 cents a gallon more from where they are now."
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