GasificatiOn An Investment In Our energy Future
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Gasification An Investment In Our energy Future
One of the most compelling challenges of the 21st Century is finding a way to meet national and global energy needs while minimizing the impact on the environment. There is extensive debate surrounding this issue, but there are certain areas of consensus:
1. We need to produce cleaner energy, both from conventional fuel sources and alternative technologies.
2. Any energy source must be not only environmentally sound, but also economically viable.
3. We need to invest in a variety of technologies and resources to produce clean, abundant, and affordable energy to meet all of our energy needs.
Gasification is an environmentally sound way to transform any carbon-based material, such as coal, refinery byproducts, biomass, or even trash, into energy without burning it. Instead, gasification produces a gas by creating a chemical reaction that combines those carbon-based materials (feedstocks) with air or oxygen, breaking them down into molecules and removing pollutants and impurities. What's left is a clean "synthesis gas" (syngas) that can be converted into electricity and valuable products, such as transportation fuels, fertilizers, substitute natural gas, or chemicals.
Gasification has been used on a commercial scale for more than 75 years by the chemical, refining and fertilizer industries and for more than 35 years by the electric power industry. It is currently playing an important role in meeting energy needs in the U.S. and around the world. It will play an increasingly important role as one of the economically attractive manufacturing technologies that will allow us to produce clean, abundant energy. And it is being used in new settings: while gasification has typically been used in industrial applications, it is increasingly being adopted in smaller-scale applications to convert biomass and waste to energy and products.
Investment in gasification technology today is an investment in our energy future.
=> Gasification is the cleanest, most flexible and reliable way of using fossil fuels. It can convert low-value materials into high-value products,
such as chemicals and fertilizers, substitute natural gas, transportation fuels, electric power, steam, and hydrogen.
=> It can convert biomass, municipal solid waste and other materials that are normally burned into a clean gas.
=> Gasification provides the most cost-effective means of capturing carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, when generating power using fossil
fuels as a feedstock. This gives the United States and other nations a way to use abundant coal reserves to generate needed electricity in a "carbon-constrained" world.
=> Gasification allows us to use domestic resources to generate our energy, instead of relying on high-cost imported petroleum and
natural gas from politically unstable regions of the world.
=> This technology provides increased domestic investment and jobs in industries that have been in decline because of high energy costs.
=> It offers a path to new energy development and use consistent with robust environmental stewardship.
=> Gasification provides a way to cleanly convert non-food biomass materials into transportation fuels and electricity.
Gogo2011 kobamusaji
Gogo2011 kobamusaji
1. We need to produce cleaner energy, both from conventional fuel sources and alternative technologies.
2. Any energy source must be not only environmentally sound, but also economically viable.
3. We need to invest in a variety of technologies and resources to produce clean, abundant, and affordable energy to meet all of our energy needs.
Gasification is an environmentally sound way to transform any carbon-based material, such as coal, refinery byproducts, biomass, or even trash, into energy without burning it. Instead, gasification produces a gas by creating a chemical reaction that combines those carbon-based materials (feedstocks) with air or oxygen, breaking them down into molecules and removing pollutants and impurities. What's left is a clean "synthesis gas" (syngas) that can be converted into electricity and valuable products, such as transportation fuels, fertilizers, substitute natural gas, or chemicals.
Gasification has been used on a commercial scale for more than 75 years by the chemical, refining and fertilizer industries and for more than 35 years by the electric power industry. It is currently playing an important role in meeting energy needs in the U.S. and around the world. It will play an increasingly important role as one of the economically attractive manufacturing technologies that will allow us to produce clean, abundant energy. And it is being used in new settings: while gasification has typically been used in industrial applications, it is increasingly being adopted in smaller-scale applications to convert biomass and waste to energy and products.
Investment in gasification technology today is an investment in our energy future.
=> Gasification is the cleanest, most flexible and reliable way of using fossil fuels. It can convert low-value materials into high-value products,
such as chemicals and fertilizers, substitute natural gas, transportation fuels, electric power, steam, and hydrogen.
=> It can convert biomass, municipal solid waste and other materials that are normally burned into a clean gas.
=> Gasification provides the most cost-effective means of capturing carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, when generating power using fossil
fuels as a feedstock. This gives the United States and other nations a way to use abundant coal reserves to generate needed electricity in a "carbon-constrained" world.
=> Gasification allows us to use domestic resources to generate our energy, instead of relying on high-cost imported petroleum and
natural gas from politically unstable regions of the world.
=> This technology provides increased domestic investment and jobs in industries that have been in decline because of high energy costs.
=> It offers a path to new energy development and use consistent with robust environmental stewardship.
=> Gasification provides a way to cleanly convert non-food biomass materials into transportation fuels and electricity.
Gogo2011 kobamusaji
Gogo2011 kobamusaji
Contents at a Glance
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HOW GASIFICATION WORKS
Gasification is a process that converts carbon-containing materials, such as coal, petroleum coke (petcoke a low value byproduct of refining), biomass, or various wastes, to a syngas, which can then be used to produce electric power and valuable products such as chemicals, fertilizers, substitute natural gas, hydrogen, and transportation fuels.
Feedstock
Gasification enables the capture in an environmentally beneficial manner - of the remaining "value" present in a variety of low-grade hydrocarbon materials, wastes, or biomass, commonly called "feedstocks". Without gasification, these materials would have to be disposed of, potentially damaging the environment and, equally as important, wasting a valuable source of energy. While traditional feedstocks have included coal and petcoke in largescale industrial plants, there is an increasing use of municipal solid waste, industrial waste and biomass in smaller scale plants, converting that material to energy.Gasifiers can be designed to use a single material or a blend of feedstocks:
1. solids : All types of coal and petcoke and biomass, such as wood waste, agricultural waste, household waste, and hazardous waste
2. liquids : Liquid refinery residuals (including asphalts, bitumen, and oil sands residues) and liquid wastes from chemical plants
and refineries
3. Gas : Natural gas or refinery/chemical off-gas
GASIFIER
The core of the gasification system is the gasifier, a vessel where the feedstock reacts with oxygen (or air) at high temperatures. There are several basic gasifier designs, distinguished by the use of wet or dry feed, the use of air or oxygen, the reactor's flow direction (up-flow, down-flow, or circulating), and the syngas cooling process. Currently, gasifiers are capable of handling up to 3,000 tons/day of feedstock throughput and this will increase in the near future.
After being ground into very small particles or fed directly (if a gas or liquid) the feedstock is injected into the gasifier, along with a controlled amount of air or oxygen. Temperatures in a gasifier range from 1,000-3,000 degrees Fahrenheit. The conditions inside the gasifier break apart the chemical bonds of the feedstock, forming syngas.
The syngas consists primarily of hydrogen and carbon monoxide and, depending upon the specific gasification technology, smaller quantities of methane, carbondioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and water vapor. The ratio of carbon monoxide to hydrogen depends in part upon the hydrogen and carbon content of the feedstock and the type of gasifier used, but can also be adjusted or "shifted" downstream of the gasifier through use of catalysts. This ratio is important in determining the type of product to be manufactured (electricity, chemicals, fuels, hydrogen). For example, a refinery would use a syngas consisting primarily of hydrogen, important in producing transportation fuels.
Conversely, a chemical plant uses syngas with roughly equal proportions of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, both of which are basic building blocks for the broad range of products that they produce. These include consumer and agricultural products such as medications, fertilizer, and plastics. This inherent flexibility of the gasification process means that it can produce one or more products from the same process. Typically, 70-85% of the carbon in the feedstock is converted into the syngas.
After being ground into very small particles or fed directly (if a gas or liquid) the feedstock is injected into the gasifier, along with a controlled amount of air or oxygen. Temperatures in a gasifier range from 1,000-3,000 degrees Fahrenheit. The conditions inside the gasifier break apart the chemical bonds of the feedstock, forming syngas.
The syngas consists primarily of hydrogen and carbon monoxide and, depending upon the specific gasification technology, smaller quantities of methane, carbondioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and water vapor. The ratio of carbon monoxide to hydrogen depends in part upon the hydrogen and carbon content of the feedstock and the type of gasifier used, but can also be adjusted or "shifted" downstream of the gasifier through use of catalysts. This ratio is important in determining the type of product to be manufactured (electricity, chemicals, fuels, hydrogen). For example, a refinery would use a syngas consisting primarily of hydrogen, important in producing transportation fuels.
Conversely, a chemical plant uses syngas with roughly equal proportions of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, both of which are basic building blocks for the broad range of products that they produce. These include consumer and agricultural products such as medications, fertilizer, and plastics. This inherent flexibility of the gasification process means that it can produce one or more products from the same process. Typically, 70-85% of the carbon in the feedstock is converted into the syngas.
Oxygen Plant
Most gasification systems use almost pure oxygen (as opposed to air) to help facilitate the reaction in the gasifier. This oxygen (95-99% purity) is generated in a plant using proven cryogenic (ultra-low temperature) technology. The oxygen is then fed into the gasifier at the same time as the feedstock, ensuring that the chemical reaction is contained in the gasifier.
Syngas Clean-up
The raw syngas produced in the gasifier contains trace levels of impurities that must be removed prior to its ultimate use. After the syngas is cooled, virtually all the trace minerals, particulates, sulfur, mercury, and unconverted carbon are removed using commercially proven cleaning processes common to the chemical and refining industries. For feedstocks (such as coal) containing mercury, more than 90% of the mercury can be removed from the syngas using relatively small and commercially available activated carbon beds.
CArbon DIoxIde
Carbon dioxide can also be removed in the syngas clean-up stage using a number of commercial technologies. In fact, carbon dioxide is routinely removed with a commercially proven process in gasification-based ammonia, hydrogen, and chemical manufacturing plants. Gasification-based ammonia plants already capture/separate approximately 90% of their carbon dioxide and gasification-based methanol plants capture approximately 70%. The gasification process offers the most cost-effective and efficient means of capturing carbon dioxide during the energy production process.
Byproducts
Most solid and liquid feed gasifiers produce a glass-like byproduct called slag, composed primarily of sand, rock, and minerals contained in the gasifier feedstock. This slag is non-hazardous and can be used in roadbed construction, cement manufacturing or in roofing materials. Also, in most gasification plants, more than 99% of the sulfur is removed and recovered either as elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid
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GASIFICATION APPLICATION AND PRODUCTS
Hydrogen and carbon monoxide, the major components of syngas, are the basic building blocks of a number of other products, such as fuels, chemicals and fertilizers. In addition, a gasification plant can be designed to produce more than one product at a time (co-production or "polygeneration"), such as electricity, and chemicals (e.g., methanol or ammonia).
Chemicals and Fertilizers
Modern gasification has been used in the chemical industry since the 1930s. Typically, the chemical industry uses gasification to produce methanol as well as chemicals such as ammonia and urea which form the foundation of nitrogen-based fertilizers and to produce a variety of plastics. The majority of the operating gasification plants worldwide are designed to produce chemicals and fertilizers.
Substitute Natural Gas
Gasification can also be used to create substitute natural gas (SNG) from coal. Using a "methanation" reaction, the coal-based syngas mostly carbon monoxide and hydrogen can be converted to methane. Almost chemically identical to conventional natural gas, the resulting SNG can be transported in existing natural gas pipeline networks and used to generate electricity, produce chemicals/fertilizers, or heat homes and businesses. SNG will enhance domestic fuel security by displacing imported natural gas that is likely to be supplied in the form of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG).
Hydrogen for Oil Refining
Hydrogen, one of the two major components of syngas, is used to produce high-quality gasoline, diesel fuel, and jet fuel, meeting the requirements for clean fuels in state and federal clean air regulations. Hydrogen is also used to upgrade heavy crude oil. Refineries can gasify low-value residuals, such as petroleum coke, asphalts, tars, and some oily wastes from the refining process to generate both the required hydrogen and the power and steam needed to run the refinery.
Transportation Fuels
Gasification is the foundation for converting coal and other solid feedstocks and natural gas into transportation fuels, such as gasoline, ultra-clean diesel fuel, jet fuel, naphtha, and synthetic oils. Two basic paths are employed inconverting coal to motor fuels via gasification. In the first, the syngas undergoes an additional process, the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reaction, to convert it to a liquid petroleum product. The FT process, with coal as a feedstock, was invented in the 1920s, used by Germany during World War II, and has been utilized in South Africa for decades. Today, it is also used in Malaysia and the Middle East with natural gas as the feedstock.
In the second process, so-called Methanol to Gasoline (MTG), the syngas is first converted to methanol (a commercially used process) and the methanol is then converted to gasoline by reacting it over catalysts. A commercial MTG plant successfully operated in the 1980s and early 1990s in New Zealand and projects are currently under development in China and the U.S
In the second process, so-called Methanol to Gasoline (MTG), the syngas is first converted to methanol (a commercially used process) and the methanol is then converted to gasoline by reacting it over catalysts. A commercial MTG plant successfully operated in the 1980s and early 1990s in New Zealand and projects are currently under development in China and the U.S
Transportation Fuels from Oil Sands
The "oil sands" in Alberta, Canada are estimated to contain as much recoverable oil (in the form of bitumen) as the vast oil fields in Saudi Arabia. However, to convert this raw material to saleable products requires extracting the oil sands and refining the resulting bitumen to transportation fuels. The mining process requires massive amounts of steam to separate the bitumen from the sands and the refining process demands large quantities of hydrogen to upgrade the "crude oil" to finished products. Residuals from the upgrading process include petcoke, de-asphalted bottoms, vacuum residuals, and asphalt/asphaltenes all of which contain unused energy that can be gasified.Traditionally, oil sand operators have utilized natural gas to produce the steam and hydrogen needed for the mining, upgrading, and refining processes. However, one oil sands production site in Canada now employs gasification and a number of additional operators have plans to gasify bitumen residues to supply the necessary steam and hydrogen. Not only will gasification displace expensive natural gas as a feedstock, it will enable the extraction of usable energy from what is otherwise a waste product (e.g., petcoke). In addition, black water from the mining and refining processes can be recycled to the gasifiers using a wet feed system, reducing fresh water usage and waste water management costs. This is not inconsequential since traditional oil sand operations consume large volumes of water.
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Power Generation with Gasification
As stated above, coal can be used as a feedstock to produce electricity from gasification. This particular coal-to-power technology allows the continued use of ample domestic supplies of coal without the high level of air emissions associated with conventional coal-burning technologies.
IGCC Power Plants
An Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power plant combines the gasification process with a "combined cycle" power block (consisting of one or more gas turbines and a steam turbine). Clean syngas is combusted in high efficiency gas turbines to produce electricity. The excess heat from the gas turbines and from the gasification reaction is then captured, converted into steam, and sent to a steam turbine to produce additional electricity.
Gas Turbines
In IGCC - where power generation is the focus - the clean syngas is combusted (burned) in high efficiency gas turbines to generate electricity with very low emissions. The gas turbines used in these plants are similar to jet engines and are slight modifications of proven, natural gas combined-cycle gas turbines that have been specially adapted for use with syngas. For IGCC plants that include carbon dioxide capture, these gas turbines are adapted to operate on syngas with higher levels of hydrogen. Although modern state-of-the-art gas turbines are commercially ready for this "higher hydrogen" syngas, work is ongoing in the United States to develop the next generation of even more efficient gas turbines ready for carbon dioxide capture-based IGCC.
Heat Recovery Steam Generator
The heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) captures heat in the hot exhaust from the gas turbines and uses it to generate additional steam that is used to make more power in the steam turbine portion of the combined-cycle unit.
Steam Turbines
In most IGCC plant designs, steam recovered from the gasification process is superheated in the HRSG to increase overall efficiency output of the steam turbines, hence the name Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle. This IGCC combination, which includes a gasification plant, two types of turbine generators (gas and steam), and the HRSG is clean and efficient.
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i study Chemical Engineering and iam interest at gasification (green energy)
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