Intro to Anatomy 1 (BONES/JOINTS)

BODY DIRECTIONS: (see Medical Terminology Site for more details)
-Anterior (ventral) vs Posterior (dorsal) = Front vs Back (behind)
-Distal vs Proximal = Away vs Toward (in reference to the body core or another body part)
-External vs Internal = Inside of body vs outside of body
-Medial vs Lateral = Toward the middle of the body vs Towards the sides of the body
-Superficial vs Deep = Close to body surface vs Deep inside the body
-Superior (cephalic) vs Inferior (caudal) = Above vs Below
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WHAT ARE BODY PLANES? (see Medical Terminology Site for more details)
An imaginary sheet that is used as a way to slice the body in order to be more specific with reference to location and dimension of the body. It is also important for understanding movements and how to classify each movement. There are 3 dimensions: Width, Length, Height. Each Plane is made up of two of those dimensions much like measuring a dresser as 2'W x 5'L x 4'H.

IF: Width (W) is side to side, Length (L) is front to back, and Height (H) is top to bottom
THEN: Frontal Plane is (W) x (H), Horizontal Plane is (W) x (L), Median Plane is (L) x (H).

-Frontal/Coronal Plane: Runs parallel to the body between the front and back(WxH)
-Horizontal/Transverse: Runs perpendicular (horizontal) to the body (WxL)
-Median/Sagittal Plane: Runs parallel to the body between the sides (LxH)
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WHAT ARE BODY AXIS? (see Medical Terminology Site for more details)
This is the center of any movement and will show where the rotation begins. An axis emerges perpendicularly from the center of each plane. If the plane were to spin then the axis would be the center of that movement. Think of a game spinner when you flick the arrow and it spins round and round its movement is like that of your extremities.

Frontal: A line perpendicular to the sagittal plane which crosses its center. (side to side)
-Ex. flexion/extension, etc..
Vertical: A line perpendicular to the horizontal plane which crosses its center. (top to bottom)
-Ex. rotation, supination/pronation, etc.
Sagittal: A line perpendicular to the frontal plane which crosses its center. (front to back)
-Ex. abduction/adduction, etc..
Learn more about the planes and axes

Ball and Socket:
---Movement: rotation, circumduction, ab/adduction, flexion/extension, horizontal ab/adduction
---Ex. Glenohumeral Joint,

Condyloid:
---Movement: flexion/extension,some ab/adduction
---Ex. Radiocarpal joint,

Saddle:
---Movement: flexion/extension, ad/abduction
---Ex. Sternoclavicular joint, 1st Carpometacarpal joint,

Hinge:
---Movement: flexion/extension
---Ex. Elbow Joint, Interphalangeal Joints, Knee joint
---***Some Hinge joints such as the knee are modified and have some additional movement***

Pivot:
---Movement: medial/lateral rotation
---Ex. Proximal radioulnar joint, Distal radioulnar joint,

Plane:
---Movement: slight sliding and gliding horizontally on the joint in all directions.
---Ex. 2nd-5th Carpometacarpal joints,

Learn about the joints

Long: Typical bone type (ex. like a dog bone), long, straight + sometimes rounded ends.
-----Ex. Humerus, Femur, Radius, Ulna, Tibia, Fibula, etc..

Short; Very small bones in the hands and feet.
-----Ex. Carpal and Tarsal bones.

Irregular: Strange shape, doesn't really fit into another category.
-----Ex. temporal bone, skull bones with facial features, etc...

Flat: Protective bones that are smooth and flat
-----Ex. Top of cranium, ribs, sternum, etc...

Sesamoid: A bone that is attached to bones by ligaments
-----Ex. Patella, bones at the base of the 1st proximal phalanx, etc...

Accessory: An extra bone not usually found in the body.
-----Ex. Accessory navicular bone (two separate bones instead of one), etc...

Structures:
-Acromial End (round shoe like end which attaches to the acromion of the scapula)
-Sternal End (flat end which attaches to the manubrium of the sternum)
-Subclavian Groove (where the subclavius muscle attaches to the bone)
-Conoid Tubercle (bump points towards the scapula)

Bony Attachments
-Manubrium of the Sternum (Saddle Joint)
-Acromion of the Scapula (Plane Joint)

Muscle Attachments
-Subclavius
-Deltoid
-Pectoralis Major
-Trapezius

Joints:
-Sternoclavicular (saddle joint, sternum to clavicle, difficult to dislocate,)
-Acromioclavicular (plane joint, acromion to clavicle, limited mobility)

Structures:
-Medial Border (middle edge of bone, MB in picture)
-Lateral Border (side edge of bone, LB in picture)
-Superior Border (top edge of bone, SB in picture)
-Inferior Angle (bottom angle or point)
-Superior Angle (top angle or point
-Glenoid Cavity (attachment site of the humerus)
-Supraglenoid tubercle (directly above the humerus attachment site)
-Infraglenoid tubercle (directly below the humerus attachment site)
-Acromion (protruding bone pointing anteriorly coming off the scapular spine)
-Coracoid process (protruding bone pointing laterally coming off the scapula near the glenoid cavity)
-Scapular Notch (located in the superior border, allows arteries and nerves to pass through)
-Subscapular Fossa (the entire flat surface on the anterior side of the scapula)
-Supraspinous Fossa (the flat surface on the posterior side above the scapular spine)
-Infraspinous Fossa (the flat surface on the posterior side below the scapular spine)

Bony Attachments
-Humerus (Glenohumeral joint)
-Clavicle (Acromioclavicular joint)
-Ribs (Thoracoscapular joint)

Muscle Attachments:
-Deltoid
-Infraspinatus
-Levator Scapulae
-Pectoralis Minor
-Serratus Anterior
-Subscapularis
-Supraspinatus
-Teres Major
-Teres Minor
-Trapezius
-Rhomboid Major
-Rhomboid Minor

Joints:
-Acromioclavicular (scapula to clavicle, plane joint, limited mobility)
-Glenohumeral (humerus to scapula, ball joint, high mobility)
-Scapulothoracic (scapula to rib cage, not a true joint, loose connective tissue)

Structures:
-Head: the round smooth end of the bone that attaches to the scapula
-Anatomical Neck: located just below the head of the humerus
-Surgical Neck: located just below the anatomical neck
-Greater Tuberosity: larger bump
-Lesser Tuberosity: smaller bump
-Intertubercular Groove: the indentation between the two tuberosities
-Deltoid Tuberosity: Where the deltoid muscle attaches, mid-shaft.
-Lateral Supracondylar Ridge: The line just above the lateral epicondyle
-Medial Supracondylar Ridge: The line just above the medial epicondyle
-Medial Epicondyle: Bump on the medial side of the humerus
-Lateral Epicondyle: Bump on the lateral side of the humerus
-Capitellum: articulation for radius bone (Head)
-Trochlea: attachment site for the ulna (Trochlear notch)
-Olecranon Fossa: Location where the Olecranon of the Ulna sits.
-Radial Fossa: Indentations where the Radius mets the Humerus.
-Coronoid Fossa: Indentation where the Coronoid process meets the Humerus.

Muscle attachments:
-Brachialis
-Coracobrachialis
-Infraspinatus
-Latissimus Dorsi
-Subscapularis
-Supraspinatus
-Teres Major
-Teres Minor

Joints
-Glenohumeral (scapula to humerus, ball/socket joint, high mobility)
-Elbow (humerus to ulna, hinge joint, mobility in only one plane)

Structures:
-Head (pedestal type structure which articulates with capitellum of humerus)
-Neck (just below the head of the bone)
-Radial Tuberosity (Where the ulna rubs against the radius when twisting the forearm)
-Anterior Border (the front side of the bone)
-Interosseous Border (border of bone between ulna and radius)
-Shaft (The middle section of the bone)
-Styloid Process (the bump that sticks out from the wrist end of the bone towards the thumb)

Muscle Attachments
-Biceps Brachii
-supinator
-flexor digitorum
-pronator teres
-flexor pollicis
-Pronator quadratus
-Brachioradialis
-Abductor pollicis longus
-Extensor pollicis brevis

Joints:

Structures:
-Olecranon (large rounded portion which faces posteriorly)
-Trochlear notch (The top notch formed by the large round olecranon)
-Coronoid Process ( The bottom notch formed by the olecranon, where the humerus articulates with the ulna)
-Radial Notch (Where the radius bone articulates at the elbow joint, allows pronation/supination of the forearm)
-Ulnar Tuberosity (Where the radius and ulna meet during supination/pronation)
-Shaft (The middle portion of the bone)
-Interosseous Border (The middle edge of the bone)
-Head (The wrist end of the bone)
-Styloid Process (the bump that is located towards the pinky finger at the wrist)