Kids Investigate Bees
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A Bee Unit Study for Homeschoolers
Honey bees are important in maintaining the natural vegetation, since they are a direct means of transference of pollen between flowers. Another significance is the harvest of products humans may use, such as honey, and beeswax.
My main aspiration in beginning beekeeping was to benefit my garden. Through the increased pollination by my own backyard beehive, I can successfully harvest higher yields. It's a symbiotic relationship. Of coarse the honey and the beeswax are wonderful perks; but for me, it's all about the garden.
As a homeschooler, the introduction of a beehive to our backyard was an opportunity I knew I needed to seize in the name of education. This lens is a compilation of our studies, research, and activities, that I hope will benefit others along their way.
Bees in the Garden
Here It Is--My #1 Reason for Acquiring Bees: My Garden!
I'm an avid organic gardener--in the springtime you could even call me an obsessive gardener. I utilize many organic methods, such as square-foot gardening, and biointensive practices; also, organic pest control through companion planting, and home-made pest and weed repellents. It seemed only natural to take my organic practices a step further by adding a beehive to my garden. Science had proven that keeping beehives increases the yields of your harvests. For the able garden enthusiast beekeeping is another step in the progression toward sustainable living practices.
Urban Beekeeping
Photos of suburban and city beekeepers from The Daily Green.
Keep Bees, Naturally!
A good article from one of my favorite magazines: Mother Earth News.
Beekeeping
A variety of beekeeping articles and references here at Agriculture Guide.
Urban Bee Gardens
The practical way to introduce the world's best pollinators into your garden.
Pollinator Paradise
Lots of great references and resources here regarding pollination.
"The bee, from her industry in the summer, eats honey all the winter"
~Proverb Quotes
Bee Activities, Projects, Ideas, and More for Kids
Bumblebee Crafts for Kids
Some great crafts and projects, coloring pages, and more from DLTK's Growing Together.
Bees Printables
A number of fine worksheets, coloring pages, etc. from Beverly Hernandez at About.com.
The Robber and the Honeybee
A nice unit study for young learners from Homeschool Share.
A Honey of a Unit Study
A lengthy article from The Old Schoolhouse Magazine regarding bee unit study, and including several links and resource ideas.
The National Honey Board: Free Downloads--Educational Materials
The National Honey Board provides a number of free resources, materials, and PDF downloads for educators seeking to teach others about bees and beekeeping.
Honey Bee Mystery
An article from National Geographic Kids, photos, and links.
Where Have All the Bees Gone?
From Science News for Kids is a article regarding the Colony Collapse of Bees that so many are worried about.
Little Bee Brains That Could
An article from Science News for Kids regarding the workings of the bee's brain.
Bees
The Kidipede is a favorite resource of mine geared toward children; here is their reference resources regarding bees.
Arthropods
Anyone who is working their way through the Earth-Studies Units, studying the Earth's history chronologically, might be interested in reading this with your students. This reference from Kidipede talks about the development of the first arthropods and the evolution of bees and their special relationship with flowers.
Bees and Wasps Activities
This is a comprehensive listing of bee-related activities from around the web, provided by A Kid's Heart.
Some Suggested References
The Bee
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Uniramia
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Suborder: Apocrita
Family: Apidae
Subfamily: Apinae
Genus: Apis
Species: Apis mellifera
Subspecies:
Apis mellifera mellifera
A colony of bees is made up of a caste system consisting of a Queen (fertile female), a few hundred Drones (fertile males), and thousands of Workers (sterile females). The Workers depend on the Queen for reproductive purposes, and maintenance of the colony; while the Queen depends on the Workers for food.
Little is known regarding the ancestry of bees, since their fossil records are extremely scarce. Scientists believe that bees may have been around some 80 million years ago, when the first bees developed from a wasp-like ancestor.
Bees gradually developed a number of specialized structures, which greatly aid them in collecting and handling pollen and nectar. Their bodies are hairy so that pollen sticks to them. They have rows of hair or bristles, so pollen may be collected together. Pollen can then be carried home either in a pollen-carrying device beneath their abdomen, or in pollen baskets on their hind legs. They also developed longer tongues to air them in pollen retrieval.
Honey Bees-Ask Kids Web Search
This is a search engine geared toward kids, and their links and references for Honey Bees.
Tales From the Hive
This is a great resource provided by NOVA.
Kids' Inquiry of Bees
From BioKids is this Kids' Inquiry of Diverse Species, Critter Catalog, Apidae, Bumble Bees and Honey Bees.
The Queen
The term Queen Bee is typically used to refer to an adult mated female that lives in a honey bee colony or hive. She is usually the mother of all the bees in the hive.
Queens are developed from larvae selected by the worker bees and specially fed in order to become sexually mature. Normally there is only one adult, mated Queen in the hive.
When conditions are favorable for swarming, the Queen will begin laying eggs in Queen-cups. Virgin Queens develop from a fertilized egg. The young Queen larva develops differently because it is more heavily fed royal jelly, where all other bees are only fed royal jelly for the first few days of their life as a larvae. Royal jelly is a protein rich secretion that comes from glands on the heads of young workers.
Queens are raised in specially constructed Queen-cells. Fully constructed Queen-cells have a peanut-like shape and texture. Queen-cells start out as Queen-cups. Queen-cups are larger than the cells of normal brood comb, and are oriented vertically rather than horizontally. Worker bees will only further build up the Queen-cups once the Queen has laid an egg intp the cup. Generally, the old Queen begins laying eggs into the Queen-cups when the conditions are right for swarming or supersedure.
Queen Rearing
This is a nice resource for anyone interested in raising their own Queen bees; provides detailed info about Queen bees--from Bush Farms.
The Colony
One Big Family
The Honey Bee is a social insect--so then, the colony is one big family all working together for the benefit of the whole unit. Their main goal is to reproduce, and to gather enough food to store in order to survive the next winter. In order to do this they need efficient behaviors in foraging, recruitment, food hoarding, and cold temperature survival. They must reproduce as early in the season as possible to permit the colony enough time to make a nest, forage, and store their food for winter.
Bee Colony
A simple reference regarding bee life as a colony; provided by Bee Facts
Biology of the Honey Bee Colony
This is an article I found at eXtension.com regarding the colony life of bees.
Anatomical Characteristics
The Honey Bee Body
Honey bees have many characterustucs common to all insects. Insects have a hard outer covering called an exoskeleton, rather than an internal skeleton like vertebrates. The exoskeleton, which is made up of a material called chitin, helps to protect the internal organs of the insect and helps prevent desiccation (drying out). In order to grow, the insect must shed the exoskeleton.
Insects have three body regions: the head, the thorax, and abdomen. The head contains the sensory organs, and appendages for ingestion. The thorax contains the appendages for locomotion, the legs and wings. The abdomen contains the organs for digestion and reproduction.
HONEY BEE ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Abdomen: The honey bee abdomen is composed of nine segments. The wax and some scent glands are located here in the adult. The sting is contained in a pocket at the end of the tapering abdomen in adult females.
Antennae: The form of the antenna in insects varies according to its precise function. The antennae are feathery in male moths, elongated in the cockroach, short and bristle-like in the dragonfly, and bead-like in the termite. In honey bees, the segmented antennae are important sensory organs. The antennae can move freely since their bases are set in small socket-like areas on the head. Each of the antennae are connected to the brain by a large double nerve that is necessary to accomodate all of the crucial sensory input. The tiny sensory hairs on each antennae are responsive to stimuli of touch and odor.
Eyes: Honey bees and people do not see eye to eye. Although honey bees perceive a fairly broad range of color, they can only differentiate between six major categories of color, including yellow, blue-green, blue, viollet, ultraviolet, and also a color known as "bee's purple", a mixture of yellow and ultraviolet. Bees cannot see red. Differentiation is not equally good throughout the range, and is best in the blue-green, violet, and bee's purple colors.
Like most insects, honey bees have compound eyes that are made up of thousands of tiny lenses called facets. Scientists think that each facet in a compound eye takes in one small part of the insects vision. The brain then takes the images from each tiny lens and creates one large mosaic-like picture. This image is somewhat analogous to the image produced on a television screen, in which the "picture" is essentially a grid composed of dots of light. The advantage of the compound eyes is its ability to detect movement. Honey bees can easily differentiate between solid and broken patterns, but show a preference for broken figures. Related to this, bees respond more readily to moving flowers that to stationary ones. Therefore, their eye is better adapted for movement perception than for form perception.
Honey bees also have three smaller eyes in addition to the compound eyes. These simple eyes or "ocelli" are located above the compound eyes and are sensitive to light, but cannot resolve images.
Head: The honey bee head is triangular when seen from the front. The two antennae arise close together near the center of the face. The bee has two compound eyes and three simple eyes, also located on the head. The honey bee uses its proboscis, or longue hairy tongue, to feed on liquids and its madibles to eat pollen and work wax in comb building.
Lgs: The honey bee has three pairs of segmented legs. The legs of the bee are primarily used for walking. However, honey bee legs have specialized areas such as the antennae cleaners on the forelegs, and the pollen baskets on the hind legs.
Proboscis: The proboscis of the honey bee is simply a long, slender, hairy tongue that acts as a straw to bring the liquid foos (nectar, honey and water) to the mouth. When in use, the tongue moves rapidly back and forth while the flexible tip performs a lapping motion. After feeding, the proboscis is drawn up and folded behind the head. Bees can eat fine particles like pollen, which is used as a source of protein, but cannot handle big particles.
Pollen Baskets: A smooth, somewhat concave surface of the outer hind legs that is fringed with long, curved hairs that hold the pollen in place. This enclosed space is used to transport pollen and propolis to the hive. Also called a corbicula.
Stinger: The stinger is similar in structure and mechanism to an egg-laying organ, known as the ovipositor, possessed by other insects. In other words, the sting is a modified ovipositor that ejects venom instead of eggs. Thus, only female bees can have a stinger.
The sting is found in a chamber at the end of the abdomen, from which only the sharp-pointed shaft protrudes. It is about 1/8-inch long. When the stinger is not in use, it is retracted within the sting chamber of the abdomen. The shaft is turned up so that the base is concealed. The shaft is a hollow tube, like a hypordermic needle. The tip is barbed so that is sticks in the skin of the victim. The hollow needle actually has three sections. The top section is called the stylet and has ridges. The bottom two pieces are called lancets. When the stinger penetrates the skin, the two lancets move back and forth on the ridges of the stylet so that the whole apparatus is driven deeper into the skin. The poison in the canal is enclosed within the lancets.
In front of the shaft is the bulb. The ends of the lancets within the bulb are enlarged and as they move they force the venom into the poison canal, like miniature plungers. The venom comes from two acid glands that secrete into the poison sac. During the stinging, the contents of the alkaline gland are dumped directly into the poison canal where they mix with the acidic portion.
When a honey bee stings a mammal, the stinger becomes embedded. In its struggle to free itself, a portion of the stinger is left behind. This damages the honey bee enough to kill her. The stinger continues to contract by reflex action, continuously pumping poison into the wound for several seconds.
Thorax: The thorax is the middle part of the bee, and is the anchor point for six legs (three pairs), as well as two sets of membranous wings in the adult. Pollen baskets for carrying pollen back to the hive are located on the hind legs.
Wings: The honey bee has two sets of flat, thin, membranous wings, strengthened by various veins. The fore wings are much larger than the hindwings, but the two wings of each side work together in flight. Just flapping the wings does not result in flight. The driving force results from a propeller-like twist given to each wing during the upstroke and the downstroke.
The Honey Bee at Work
How Bees Communicate
The honey bee has adapted to a relatively closed-nest environment that is dark, suggesting that odor, touch, and sound stimuli are involved in their communication. Using a combination of "bee dances", which generate chemical, sound, tactual, and perhaps electrical signals that are received and integrated in the nervous system of receiving bees, and also utilizing the power of pheromones, bees can communicate their floral findings in order to recruit other worker bees of the hive to forage in the same area. Factors determining recruiting success is not completely known, but probably include evaluations of the quality of the nectar and/or pollen brought in.
Honey Bees-Communication
A simple, but adequate reference from About.com.
Sound Communication in Honey Bees
Article from Beesource.
Buzz Like a Bee Activity
Provided by How Stuff Works--this is a simple game to demonstrate to children how bees communicate.
How Bees Work
Another good resource from How Stuff Works; goes into detail regarding anatomy, communication, etc.
Production of Nectar
HONEY
Honey is a sweet, gold colored viscous substance produced by honey bees. Bees collect nectar from flowers and produce honey from it. The composition of honey is 76-80% glucose, 17-20% water, small amounts of fructose, pollen, wax and mineral salts. Composition and appearance depend on the flower the nectar comes from.
PRODUCTION PROCESS OF HONEY
Collecting Nectar
The bees suck nectar from the flowers and collect this nectar in special bags in their bellies. The nectar is transported through their body. During transport, water is removed from the nectar. Enzymes are added to the nectar this way. When the bee has collected sufficient nectar she returns to the beehive. There she empties her honey bags in an empty cell of the honeycomb. Several bees fill the cell and finally close it with bee wax.
Emptying of Honeycombs
The beekeeper can empty the honeycomb if it is filled satisfactory, meaning two-thirds of the cells are closed with bee wax. The beekeeper can control this by shaking the honeycombs. If too much honey leaves the cells, they are not completely closed.
To remove the honey out of the cells, the beekeeper must remove the honeycombs from the beehive. He can do this in three ways: Firstly, he can chase away the bees out of the hive. Second, the bees can be stupefied with fume. Third: a separating wall can be brought between the honey room and the incubation room. When the bee queen is located in the incubation room all other bees will follow her.
Liberation of Honey
After applying one of the described methods, the honey combs can be removed. The wax is removed with a scrap. The cells must remain intact. The honeycombs are placed in a centrifuge and the honey is removed out of the cells. This liberation process is started at a low speed.
Transport to the Factory
The steps described above are done at the beekeeper's home. After collecting the crude honey, it is transported to the factory for further treatment.
Heating
In the factory, the honey is subjected to a double heat treatment. Both must purify the honey. First the honey is heated to 50 degrees celsius. The crystals formed in the honey will melt. The honey is held at this temperature for 24 hours. Undersired substances like parts of bees and pollen will float and they are removed.
Then the honey is heated quickly to 75 degrees Celsius, filtrated and cooled immediately to 50 degrees Celsius. This second process takes only 7 seconds. In the filter, undesired substances are removed. The honey is heated to 75 degrees Celsius as it is more liquefied, flavoring filtration.
During these purifying heating steps the honey looses some healthy substances. They are performed anyhow, because a clear, lightly yellow honey is wanted.
Filling
The honey has 50 degrees Celsius during filling, as the product is less viscous. Filling occurs in glass jars. Thanks to the high sugar content, the shelf life is several month to a year. Microbiologically, there are no problems. In the long run, shelf life is determined by taste problems due to oxidation, enzymatic reactions or crystallization of the sugars.
Honey Production
This is a great article from a favorite source, HowStuffWorks.
The Life-Cycle of a Bee
Bee colonies are founded by a swarm, which includes a single fertile Queen, and a small army of worker bees. The swarm moves en mase to a nest site that has been scouted by worker bees beforehand. Once they arrive, they immediately construct a new wax comb and begin to raise new worker brood. This type of nest founding is not seen in any other living bee genus, though there are several groups of Vespid wasps which also found new nests via swarming (sometimes including multiple queens).The Queen lays her eggs singly in a cell in the wax honey comb, which is produced and shaped by the worker bees. Using her spermatheca, the Queen can actually chose to fertilize the egg she is laying, usually depending on what cell she is laying in. Drones develop from unfertilized eggs, while females develop from fertilized eggs.
The larvae is initially fed with royal jelly, which is produced by the worker bees; later the larvae switch over to honey and pollen, with the exception of larva fed solely on royal jelly, which develop into Queen bees. The larva undergoes several moltings before spinning a cocoon within their individual cells, and pupating.
Young worker bees clean the hive and feed the larvae. When their royal jelly producing glands begin to atrophy, they begin building comb cells. These new workers progress to other "in-house" tasks as they become older (ie--receiving nectar and pollen from returning foragers, and guarding the hive. Later, workers will take their first orientation flights, and finally leave the hive. Typically the workers spend the remainder of their lives as foragers.
The average length of life of the average honey bee depends on the purpose the bee fulfills in the hive. The Queen bee can live two years, providing she was able to get herself inseminated with enough sperm during her nuptial flight.
The drone dies immediately after mating with the Queen.
In the winter time, worker bees are able to live up to one hundred and forty days. During the summer months, the worker bees are literally worked to death.
Life Cycle of Bees
This is a nice resource for younger learners, with visual diagrams and simple explanations of the various stages of a bee's life.
Honey Bee Life Cycle
This is another reference geared toward young students, with real pictures displaying the stages of a bee's life.
The Honey Bee Life Cycle.....
This is a more detailed reference from The Beginning Beekeeper.
Beekeeping
American Beekeeping Federation
This is the home of the American Beekeeping Federation, sporting up-to-date news and information regarding the welfare of bees, beekeeping resources, and more.
Honey.com
The National Honey Board's website all about honey. Regards the making of, recipes for use of honey--check it out!
Beekeeping History
This is a nice reference to utilize; regards the history of beekeeping in America, also Texas.
Help The Honey Bees
Häagen-Dazs fights to help protect bees; some good resources, and an all around inspirational site.
Bees-on-the-Net
This site has a wealth of information for the beginning beekeeper to utilize.
The Barefoot Beekeeper
A really great site all about bees and beekeeping. Sign up to receive monthly newsletters, participate in their forum, or read one of their many articles about bees, beekeeping, and the plight of bees.
10 Things You Can Do to Help Save the Bees
An article suggesting things the average person can do to protect this key-species.
Sustaining the Honeybee
This is a lengthy article discussing man's effects on the world around us, how we've affected the hony bee, and how to save it for generations to come.
4 Things You Need To Know About Backyard Beekeeping
An article from GoArticles.com regarding some key things to consider before bringing home your first colony of bees.
Beekeeping Past and Present
BEEKEEPING UP TO 1500Until the 16th century bees were restricted to the Old World, where they'd evolved and were populated widely long before man came on the scene. Primitive man learned to get honey by robbing bees' nests in hollow trees and rock crevices. Beekeeping started proper when man learned to safeguard the future of the colonies of bees he found in hollow tree trunks or elsewhere, by certain amounts of care and supervision. Separate hives were substituted for natural hives and collected at apiaries.
Hive construction depended on available materials and the local skills of man's communities. It is certain that the beehive has no single origin. It was simply and inevitable development in any region populated by honey bees as man advanced from hunter-gatherer of honey, to a producer of the substance.
In Europe, the earliest hive was probably a log from a fallen tree, which wild honey bees had nested in. The log would be separated by chipping away the rest of the tree with an axe or adz, a technique used throughout the Stone Age.
The first hives in the Middle-East, where the country is hot and open, and not forested, were clay pots where swarms happened to settle. Pottery vessels had begun to be made during the Neolithic Period, from approximately 5000 BC onward.
In ancient Egypt and adjoining regions, pipe-hives were used. Long tubes made of clay and other materials, lying horizontally and piled together.
Some agricultural communities developed techniques for making containers of basket work to house bees.
All of the primitive hives fullfilled basic necessary functions: they protected the bees and their combs from wind and rain, and the extremes of heat and cold. The flight entrances were small enough for the bees to guard, and the hives possessed some other opening where the beekeeper could access the honey.
Primitive hives were small because thye beekeeper wasnted to encourage swarms to populate his empty hives. Basically the beekeeper provided the hives, the killed the bees by plunging the hive into boiling water so that he could get at the honey and the beeswax.
In Ancient Egypt they learned to use smoke to drive the bees from the hives.
In Roman times beekeepers learned to feed their bees to promote survival of the colony.
It wasn't until the Middle Ages that beekeeper divised a form of protective gear to wear when handling the bee-hives.
Little was know at this point regarding what went on inside the hive.
BEEKEEPING FROM 1500 TO 1851
There were three events of great significance to occur during the 16th century.
1. Scientific and technical developments, which enabled beekeepers to understand the fundamental facts of the life-cycle and biology of bees.
2. Developments in beekeeping methods gave keepers slightly more control over their bees, and also greater opportunities for observing bees inside the hive.
3. Honey bees spread over 2 new continents.
DISCOVERY OF FUNDAMENTAL FACTS ABOUT BEES
1586--Luis Mendez de Torres published a discription of the Queen as a female, which laid eggs; prior to this it was generally believed that the largest bee was a male, and it was referred to as the King.
1609--Charles Butler of England, in his Feminine Monarchie, announces that the drones were actually male bees.
1625--Prince Cesi of Italy, published the first drawings of bees made under a microscope.
1637--Richard Remnant declared that the worker bees were in fact female, in his Discourse of Bees.
1744--H.C.Hornbostel, of Germany, published a correct description of the production of beeswax by bees.
1750--In England, the fact that the pollen which bees collect is actually the 'male seed' of the flower, which fertilized the ovum, was discovered by Arthur Dobbs. He also observed that bees gathered pollen from only one kind of flower each flight. He suggested that disasterous cross-fertilization would result if this were not so.
1771--Anton Janscha of Slovenia, published an account of primary facts regarding the mating of the Queen with the drone.
1792--A blind Swiss beekeeper named Francois Huber published his observations of bees, which established a foundation for modern bee science.
1793--The fact of the part played by bees in fertilizing flowers was established by one C.K.Sprengel.
DEVELOPMENTS IN BEEKEEPING TECHNIQUES
Between 1500 and 1851 there were many attempts to devise ways of which to take the honey from the hives without killing the bees. Beekeepers would drive several colonies into a single hive for overwintering. The Queens fought until only one remained.
Between 1650 and 1850 many hives with top bars and framed were invented, unfortunately they all failed on one fundamental point. Whatever bars or frames were used--the bees attached the comb to the walls of the hive, and the combs could only be removed from the hive by cutting them out.
Two inventions stood out, and went on to aid the future of beekeeping:
THE SPREAD OF HONEY BEES OVER THE WORLD
The honey bee belonged to the Old World--to Europe, Africa, and Asia. Prior to 1500 there were no honey bees in the New World--the Americas, Australia, and New Zealand. When man migrated to these new lands, the honey bee accompanied the early settlers. Records date the establishment of honey bees in North America to 1638, Australia in 1822, in New Zealand in 1842, and on the western coast of North America in the 1850s.
BEEKEEPING FROM 1851 AND AFTER
By 1851 the honey bee had colonized most of the world. Yet progressive beekeepers were still prevented from doing great things with the bees because they still had no suitable hive.
Enter Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth, an America born in Philadelphia, with an unusual interest in insects as a child, which was revived when--as a young pastor in Andover--he visited a friend who kept bees, and saw a glass globe filled with honey in the comb. Before returning home he bought two colonies, aquired a Huber leaf hive, and various books regarding bees, including Huber's Letters and Edward Bevan's The Honey-Bee(1838). He used the bar hive with a shallow super described by Bevan, improved upon it by deepening the grooves on which the bars rested, "leaving about 3/8" between the cover and the bars(this is the origin of the top bee space).
Langstroth was still struggling with the problem of how to retrieve the honey without cutting the combs from the walls of the hives when he realized he could use the same bee-space in the shallow chambers, and in a "Eureka!" moment the suspended movable frames, kept at a suitable distance from each other, came into being.
This key development divides the history of beekeeping into two halves, and Langstroth became known as "The Father of Modern Beekeeping".
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23squidoo
Nov 15, 2011 @ 4:27 pm | delete
- Wonderfully informative and beautifully presented. Angel Blessed!
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Donnette
Jul 14, 2011 @ 2:56 pm | delete
- Hello :) I have linked this page to Download your squidoo.com/bees-and-wasps-thematic-unit-study :)
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Donnette
Jul 12, 2011 @ 7:02 am | delete
- Hello :) Just popping in to say that I have included this lens on my new lens http://www.squidoo.com/all-about-bugs all-about-bugs
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lasertek
May 27, 2011 @ 10:46 am | delete
- Very informative and great looking lens. Awesome job!
Take a peek at my lens, Homeschooling 101: Guide to Free Curriculum and Other Resources.
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aj2008
Mar 13, 2011 @ 1:14 pm | delete
- What a fascinating and detailed lens about the importance of bees. Not only a great home schooling respurce but great info for all children to learn more about bees.
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My name is Sam(antha) Burns; I am a freelance writer, and homeschooling mom of two boys. Promoting science-education and earth-appreciation.
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