Learn the Art of Handcrafted Soapmaking - Create Your Own Soaps for Fun & Profit
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Modern Soapmaking: A Brief Overview
Handmade soap differs from industrial soap in that, usually, an excess of fat is sometimes used to consume the alkali (superfatting), and in that the glycerin is not removed leaving a naturally moisturizing soap and not pure detergent. Superfatted soap, soap which contains excess fat, is more skin-friendly than industrial soap, though if too much fat is added it can leave users with a "greasy" feel to their skin.
Often, emollients such as jojoba oil or shea butter are added 'at trace' (the point at which the saponification process is sufficiently advanced that the soap has begun to thicken), after most of the oils have saponified, so that they remain unreacted in the finished soap. Superfatting can also be accomplished through a process called superfat discount, where, instead of putting in extra fats, the soap maker puts in less lye.
Reacting fat with NaOH will produce a stable soap that will usually become firmer as it cures.
Reacting fat with potassium hydroxide will produce a soap that is either soft or liquid. Historically, the alkali used was potassium hydroxide made from the ashes of bracken or from wood ashes.
Soap is derived from either vegetable or animal fats. Sodium tallowate, a common ingredient in many soaps, is derived from rendered beef fat. Soap can also be made of vegetable oils, such as palm oil, and the product is typically softer. If soap is made from pure olive oil it may be called Castile soap or Marseille soap. Castile is also sometimes applied to soaps with a mix of oils, but a high percentage of olive oil.
An array of oils and butters are used in the soapmaking process such as olive, coconut, palm, cocoa butter, hemp oil and shea butter to provide different qualities. For example, olive oil provides mildness in soap; coconut oil provides lots of lather; while coconut and palm oils provide hardness. Sometimes castor oil can also be used as an ebullient. Most common, though, is a combination of coconut, palm, and olive oils.
Method:
In both cold-process and hot-process soapmaking, heat may be required for saponification.
Cold-process soapmaking takes place at a temperature sufficiently above room temperature, to ensure the liquification of the fat being used, and requires that the lye and fat be kept warm after mixing to ensure that the soap is completely saponified.
Unlike cold-processed soap, hot-processed soap can be used right away because lye and fat saponify more quickly at the higher temperatures used in hot-process soapmaking.
Hot-process, was used when the purity of lye was unreliable, and can use natural lye solutions such as potash. The main benefit of hot processing is that the exact concentration of the lye solution does not need to be known to perform the process with adequate success.
Cold-process requires exact measurement of lye to fat using saponification charts to ensure that the finished product is mild and skin-friendly. Saponification charts can also be used in hot-process soapmaking, but are not as necessary as in cold-process.
Hot Process
In the hot-process method, lye and fat are boiled together at 80-100 °C until saponification occurs, which the soapmaker can determine by taste (the bright, distinctive taste of lye disappears once all the lye is saponified) or by eye (the experienced eye can tell when gel stage and full saponification have occurred).
After saponification has occurred, the soap is sometimes precipitated from the solution by adding salt, and the excess liquid drained off. The hot, soft soap is then spooned into a mold.
Cold Process
A cold-process soapmaker first looks up the saponification value of the fats being used on a saponification chart, which is then used to calculate the appropriate amount of lye. Excess unreacted lye in the soap will result in a very high pH and can burn or irritate skin. Not enough lye, and the soap is greasy. Most soap makers formulate their recipes with a 4-10% discount of lye so that all of the lye is reacted and that excess fat is left for skin conditioning benefits.
The lye is dissolved in water. Then oils are heated, or melted if they are solid at room temperature. Once both substances have cooled to approximately 100-110°F (37-43°C), and are no more than 10°F (~5.5°C) apart, they may be combined. This lye-fat mixture is stirred until "trace" (modern-day amateur soapmakers often use a stick blender to speed this process). There are varying levels of trace. Depending on how additives will affect trace, they may be added at light trace, medium trace or heavy trace. After much stirring, the mixture turns to the consistency of a thin pudding. "Trace" corresponds roughly to viscosity.
Essential oils, fragrance oils, botanicals, herbs, oatmeal or other additives are added at light trace, just as the mixture starts to thicken.
The batch is then poured into molds, kept warm with towels, or blankets, and left to continue saponification for 18 to 48 hours. Milk soaps are the exception. They do not require insulation. Insulation may cause the milk to burn. During this time, it is normal for the soap to go through a "gel phase" where the opaque soap will turn somewhat transparent for several hours, before once again turning opaque. The soap will continue to give off heat for many hours after trace.
After the insulation period the soap is firm enough to be removed from the mold and cut into bars. At this time, it is safe to use the soap since saponification is complete. However, cold-process soaps are typically cured and hardened on a drying rack for 2-6 weeks (depending on initial water content) before use. If using caustic soda it is recommended that the soap is left to cure for at least four weeks.
- Courtesy wikipedia
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So Much More than Just Melt & Pour
Express Your Creativity Making Glycerin Soaps
As you will learn, soap making can be simple or complex. Some people enjoy the challenge of going all out professionally, which is fine. However, other people simply want to make soap for personal use or to give as an occasional gift.Safety precautions should still be followed because soap becomes dangerously hot when melted, regardless of the skill level involved. Here, we will discuss easy melt and pour techniques, perfect for the novice or skilled soap maker!
First, keep in mind that most handmade soap is made from glycerin. When you purchase store-bought soap, the majority of the glycerin has been processed out. Therefore, when you make your own soap, you have a great opportunity to create something that is glycerin rich and soft.
Although glycerin is usually clear, with today's colors and fragrances, you can create beautiful soaps that not only make your skin soft but also look great. With glycerin, because it is a humectant, moisture is drawn out of itself. That means when you use glycerin soap while bathing, a very fine layer will stay on the skin, adding moisture.
Buying Supplies
To go through the easy melt and pour method, you want to stop by your soap-making supply or hobby store, or online soap supply store. There, you will find large blocks of clear soap.
These vary in size and type. Remember, the prices will vary depending on where you live and the store or business where you buy.
Regardless, the following are the types of melt and pour soaps you would need to make your homemade soap.
Hemp Glycerin Soap
This type of glycerin is great for the melt and pour system, creating semi transparent soap with the benefit of hemp. Hemp oil is rich with essential fatty acids, enzymes, Omega 3 and 6, and vitamins A, D, & E.
When buying hemp glycerin, you should look for blocks that are around 20% glycerin, is alcohol free, and free of any harsh detergents.
Typically, you will find 11-pound slabs, which will make approximately 44 bars of soap, each four ounces. If that is too much, you might try to find smaller slabs or go in with another soap maker to split the soap. This size slab will average $40.
Olive Oil Soap
Olive oil soap is semi-transparent with just a slight tan color. However, the benefits and features are very close to that of hemp glycerin. The only difference is that instead of hemp, olive oil is used. When buying, look for cold pressed olive oil that contains essential fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, and as close to 20% glycerin as possible. Again, an 11-pound slab for olive oil soap runs around $40.
Clear Glycerin Soap
This type of soap is transparent and has low shrinkage qualities. In addition, clear glycerin soap has very little problem with discoloration. This soap is vegetable derived and an excellent choice for melt and pour soap bars. You can add color or fragrance easily and the soap will leave your skin feeling soft and smooth.
Clear glycerin soap is also a great choice for making soap with multiple layers, novelty soaps (those with toys, flowers, or other objects inside), and yet the clarity is exactly what you would buy from your favorite boutique. If you want a good daily soap, one that is fun for the kids, and makes an excellent gift, clear glycerin is it.
Goat's Milk Glycerin Soap
This type of soap originates from the beautiful Rocky Mountains. The feel is creamy and rich, and very luxurious. The appearance of this soap is off white. Many people shy away from goat's milk glycerin because of the name but you will find that it has no fragrance and actually takes both color and fragrance perfectly. If you want soap that is natural, this is a great choice. Typically, goat's milk glycerin soap is slightly higher than the other types of soaps but still very affordable and well worth the investment.
Melt and Pour Soap Making Equipment and Ingredients
The great thing about using melt and pour is that you can use equipment you typically have on hand. With this method, you can use the base of a double boiler or your microwave oven.
Keep in mind that if you choose the microwave, the bowl with the soap substance will need to be covered with plastic wrap to keep it from splattering but more importantly, to help keep the excess moisture from evaporating. For the microwave method, you would melt the base soap on high for about one minute, stirring in the remaining pieces not yet melted.
For the double boiler option, bring the water to a boil. Then, add your melt and pour soap of choice, cover, and leave on low. This will take quite some time to melt so about every 10 minutes, check the base to see if it is melted. If you like, you can stir occasionally to ensure an even melt.
Fragrance
For both methods of melt and pour, if you want to add in fragrance, once the base soap has melted, then you would add the fragrance oil. Be sure the fragrance is mixed in completely and that the base of the soap does not have a cloudy appearance. Although you can use more or less fragrance according to personal preference, typically a good rule to follow is to use .25 ounces to every one pound of soap base. In addition to fragrances, you can also use essential oils.
Color
Now for the color, if you want to create colored soap, add approximately one-eighth teaspoon to one-quarter teaspoon mica in with the melting soap base, making sure to mix in it well. If any bubbles form on top of the soap, you can leave them for design effect or spray them with rubbing alcohol. If you want to use food coloring, start with just one drop to the melted base, stirring well. Then, you can add one additional drop until you find the color of preference.
After the fragrance and color have been added to the soap base, pour the melted base into the mold of your choice. Again, if you want to remove any bubbles that will settle on top, spray them with rubbing alcohol. After the soap has hardened, generally a few hours, you can use it and enjoy!
Cost
As you can see, to make your own soap at home, you would pay around $40 for the slab of base, a few dollars for fragrance, a few dollars for coloring, and that is about it. The process is very cost effective, fun, and you end up with exactly the type of soap you love most. Most people figure that one bar of homemade soap will average $.50, far less than you would pay elsewhere. In addition, you can add in special items or effects to jazz things up.
Making soap using the melt and pour process is easy and fun and makes for very inexpensive soap. Not only is it great for making your own soap, but it makes for truly unique and creative gifts.
About the Author:
Dave Cushion is the creator of the popular book, "Soap Making Made Simple!"
How to Make Decorative "Cupcake" Soap
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Soap Making Oils For Creating Your Own Specialty Soaps
Do you want to give your handmade soaps that uniqueness that others will marvel at? Want to create soap for special needs like moisturizing?Then, you need to understand the various soap making oils and learn what they can do for your soap. To get you started, let's take a look at some very popular ingredients that you can use to make your soap extra special.
Avocado Oil
Avocado oil is produced by mashing the pulp of the avocado fruit. This oil is a good choice for making moisturizing soaps.
Coconut Oil
This oil is the partially solid fat obtained from the flesh of coconuts. It affects the hardness and amount of lather in the soap, but can be drying to the skin.
Olive Oil
Olive oil is harvested from olives by pressing them and then using solvent extraction. Soap made with olive oil tend to be extremely hard, but are mild for your skin. These soaps tend to produce a lot of lather and last a long time.
Vitamin E Oil
Many people like this oil for facial soap in that it prevents wrinkles by soothing and contributing to regeneration of skin.
Palm Kernel Oil
This oil is harvested from the kernels of the palm tree, thus the name. Soap made using this oil will be mild and have a rich lather.
Palm Oil
Similar to Palm Kernel Oil, this oil is actually harvested from the pulp of the palm fruit. More common than Palm Kernel Oil, it produces a finish that is soft, mild and has a rich lather.
Almond Oil
Almond oil is used as an emollient because of its ability to soften the skin. Extracted from almond nuts, this oil also has a nice, sweet fragrance.
Okay, that should give you a few soap making tips that you can use to make great soap.
There are many, many really neat oils available for creating very special kinds of soap. By learning about the various ingredients you can make your own unique soap have the exact characteristics you want.
Just Remember
You could be making your own favorite soap right now. Make it for yourself, or make it for beautiful, unique gifts for family and friends.
If you're in a hurry to learn much, much more about all the unique oils you can use to make your soap, check out soap making oils for more expert information on creating wonderful soap products.
Dave Cushion makes it easy for you to begin making your own beautiful hand-crafted soap. Learn the 7 essential keys to beginning your soap making craft. To receive your free 8-part mini-course visit the soap making tips website.
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Discover How to Start Your Own New Age Business!
Manifest Your Dreams While Helping OthersImagine people looking to you for guidance in an inspiring retail environment that you have created. Imagine you have manifested your dream of opening a New Age store and are now attracting grateful customers and greater prosperity into your life -- all while serving a growing community.
As the success of the best-selling book and DVD The Secret has shown, people are hungry for information and inspiration to help them achieve what they want in life. The desire for greater awareness led millions of people to participate in online classes on A New Earth, led by Oprah Winfrey and author Eckhart Tolle in 2008.
When you open a New Age store, you will have the luxury of selling the types of products you want to. You will have the freedom to make your own choices and express your own creative spirit.
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In addition to selling products at your New Age shop, you can increase your revenue by teaching classes, hosting special events, and renting space to healers.
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If opening a New Age Store sounds like the career of your dreams, the Guide to Become a New Age Store Owner is for you. In this e-book you will discover how you can start a successful New Age business.
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You can have all this and more for an incredible price. It can cost hundreds of dollars to take courses on starting a business, and chances are they will not include specific information about how to open a New Age store. The Guide to Become a New Age Store Owner contains some of the best business advice you could get from other sources, plus much more.
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Network with Other Soapmakers on Twitter!
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- PeterBaier84
- I dig soapmaking
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- urbansoapchick
- Missing my world of soapmaking....spending a lot of time in the corporate world this week and next. Looking forward to coming home!
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- urbansoapchick
- @thenovastudio how sweet! luv that u read my soap story! u are a huge inspiration in my soapmaking world. planning to take more classes w/u!
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- brambleberry
- Just talked to @otionsoap and they are still at the soap studio after an adults soapmaking party. It went over 3 hours. That's alotta soap!
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- Dennis975
- Genealogy is the new soapmaking
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- Stefanie2430
- Soapmaking is fantastic
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- Matx96
- Soapmaking is the new beekeeping
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- Dennis975
- Soapmaking is ideal
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- amandadadesky
- Alrighty, folks. For those of you who are curious about my other "job," soapmaking eye candy can be found here: http://bit.ly/75HJge
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- David7079
- I enjoy soapmaking
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- cappuccino136 cappuccino136 May 8, 2009 @ 4:03 pm
- This is an informative, visually appealing, and well organized lens. I have only made melt and pour soap. It is very simple and fun. This lens is a great resource for learning and diving in to all kinds of soap making.
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Traci Hayner Vanover, aka The Promo Diva®, is a freelance writer, coach and consultant... (more)




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