Gum Disease, Gingivitis and periodontitis...the silent infection. And can it be cured?

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Gum Disease - It is so common!

For a well developed country, it is indeed surprising to see how prevalent gum disease is. Over 80 % of Singaporeans have some form of gum disease (data taken from a recent survey conducted by a national body) and most do not know it. Perhaps it is the fast - paced lifestyle of its people that deters regular dental checks or perhaps it is out of dental phobia or anxiety.

A Periodontist in Singapore..... 

To my amazement

As a periodontist in Singapore, I am still amazed at the reluctance of people to seek treatment for bleeding gums which is one of the first few signs of gum disease. I have seen gum disease in people of all ages and status in life from a teenager to an 80-year old. It is not a disease that only inflicts the old but also the very young. And that is the most disturbing.

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What is gum disease? 

Gum disease is known in the professional world as gingivitis and periodontitis. Both are caused by plaque which is that sticky, slightly yellowish deposit on the teeth. Plaque is bacteria not food particles and forms continually over the day. To prevent plaque from causing gum disease, we have to keep its amount at such low levels that our body is able to coexist with the remaining bacteria and remain in a healthy state.

Gingivitis refers to inflammation of the gums. Gums may appear red or bleed easily. Treatment at this stage easily reverses the destruction and healthy and aesthetic gums are achievable again. Periodontitis refers to destruction of the bone support of teeth and is a progression of gingivititis. Treatment cannot reverse the disease but only halt it. However, with the advent of new technology and biomaterials, we can come close to reversing it if periodontitis is diagnosed early and treatment started immediately.

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Why is it important to seek treatment early? 

It is paramount to seek treatment early as gum treatment is extremely successful when the disease is in its infancy. Unfortunately, gum disease when it first occurs presents hardly any symptoms or pain. It is a largely silent disease. The patient may just has on and off bleeding from the gums and sometimes nothing at all.

If not detected early especially in the young, the patient can easily lose many teeth in as fast as 1-3 years. Sometimes too, gum disease in the young may be a manifest of other diseases that attack the immune system in the body that has not been detected eg leukaemia.

What are the later signs of gum disease? 

  • (1) Bleeding gums when eating or brushing.
    (2) Drifted teeth
    (3) Bad breath
    (4) Gum swellings, boils or pus formation
    (5) Loose teeth
    (6) Painful gums

How can we prevent gum disease? 

  • (1)
    See a dental surgeon or periodontist for a gum check regularly. This involves the dentist putting in a measuring probe into the gum lines of all teeth and taking measurements.

    (2)
    Get regular and thorough scaling to remove plaque and calculus from the gum lines and beyond.

    (3)
    Learn the effective way to brush and floss from your professional. Always use a soft or extra soft toothbrush. Flossing or cleaning with other interdental aids has to be done on a daily basis.

    (4)
    Take periodic X rays to check bone levels around teeth.

Gum Disease and Bad Breath 

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How To Brush Your Teeth Properly 

How To Floss Your Teeth

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What are other factors that can influence the occurrence of gum disease? 

Smoking

Smoking is a well -documented factor that increases a person's risk to gum disease. Also, smokers are more resistant to gum treatment as their healing potential after gum treatment is impaired.

Smokers are also at a disadvantage as they have an impaired healing potential and longevity with the use of dental implants. Hence, if they lose a tooth due to gum disease or other causes, their success rate to replace their tooth with an implant is much reduced compared with a non-smoker.

Diabetes 

Diabetes and periodontal disease have one thing in common. Both are chronic (long-term) diseases that can never be truly cured but can definitely be well controlled.

People with diabetes are more likely to have periodontal disease than people without diabetes. In fact, periodontal disease is often considered the sixth complication of diabetes. Those people who don't have their diabetes under control are especially at risk. They also heal slower with periodontal (gum) treatment.

Diabetics, who are under optimal control, have HbA1c readings which are consistently less than 7 %. Well-controlled diabetics respond better to periodontal treatment and are less likely to lose teeth compared to poorly-controlled diabetics.

There is also some research to suggest that the relationship between periodontal disease and diabetes goes both ways - periodontal disease may make it more difficult for people who have diabetes to control their blood sugar

Video on Gum Disease - The effect 

Periodontitis (gum disease)

Look at what will happen if you fail to visit us (the dentist) regularly. You can leave a gum disease untreated. Your teeth will slowly but surely fall out......ouch..

Periodontitis (gum disease)

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Heart Conditions and High Blood Pressure 

There has been some research to show an association between gum disease and heart attacks. Apparently, people with advanced gum disease run a higher risk of getting a heart attack. This is, however, an association and a direct link and means have yet to be proven. A particular medication for high blood pressure, nifedipine, has also a side effect of producing gum hypertrophy (enlargement) usually in patients who already have gum disease. There are many other medications that have an impact on the gums as well.

Medications and the oral condition 

Hypertrophic (overgrowth) gums.

Nifedipine is not the only medication that can produce enlargement of the gums. Cyclosporin, which is used in transplant cases eg kidney transplant patients and Dilantin, an epilepsy medication, can cause a similar condition.This is turn makes it difficult for the patient to keep his gums and teeth clean and increases his risk of periodontal (gum ) disease.

This condition can be treated successfully by the Periodontist to give a normal looking appearance again. Good follow ups and maintenance on a regular basis can keep this condition under control.

Bisphosphonates eg Fosamax and Zometa

Fosamax is a commonly used medication to treat osteoporosis especially in the post-menopausal woman. Other bisphosphonates are used to treat certain cancers and bone conditions eg Zometa. For those patients on bisphosphonates such as Fosamax, there is a small risk of contracting osteonecrosis (destruction of the jaw bone) whenever an extraction or oral surgery has to be done. However, this risk increases after 3 years of continuous usage. Those on intravenous bisphosphonates such as Zometa have a 1-10% risk of contracting osteonecrosis. This means that if a patient on these medications need to getan extraction due to gum disease or decay, the socket that remains may never heal and destruction of the jaw bone may follow.

These patients are often sent by their doctors before the commencement of the medications for a dental clearance. Imagine if the patient had untreated gum disease, the dentist or Periodontist would have had no time to get it treated before the commencement of the medication especially if the medication is for cancer treatment. This is because gum treatment usually takes a minimum of 2 months to treat. Hence, the patients end up with many extractions instead just so that they have an infection-free mouth to start on the bisphosphonates as soon as possible. This can be avoided if everyone ensures that their gums are in a healthy state at any time in their lives.

These patients on bisphosphonates should also be under close supervision by their dentists as they should try never to undergo an extraction in their lives thereafter to reduce risk of osteonecrosis.

Radiotherapy in the head and neck region
Those patients who have gone through radiotherapy for cancers in the head and neck region, the most common being nasopharyngeal cancer, suffer from lack of saliva flow after the therapy. This leads to a dry mouth, ulcers, burning gums and an increased risk to decay and gum disease. They also run a similar risk to osteonecrosis.
Various prescription and over the counter creams, mouthwashes and ointments can help alleviate all these conditions. Such patients should seek dental clearance and treatment before and after radiotherapy to avoid long term dental problems which become major and decrease the risk of osteonecrosis

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Gum Boils - What are they actually? 

Gum Boils....

Gum boils are most of the time sacs of pus in the gums. Contrary to popular belief, it is probably not due to a person being "heaty" as it is an acute infection resulting in the formation of pus.

Most of the time, the person already has an existing gum disease that he or she is not aware of and the gum boil is just a progression or sign of the disease as it gets worse.

However, sometimes these gum boils become more frequent in a person whose immune system is a little down or compromised e.g. when he/she has not enough sleep, is stressed, has a flu or other ssytemic (body) diseases that he is not aware of e.g. diabetes.

It is always best to get a bum boil checked out if it recurs more than once and in a relatively short span of time.

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Please leave your comments, feedbacks, thoughts or questions... 

I'd love to hear from you or answer any questions relating to gum disease...

Lensmaster

Dr Yasmin Akrum wrote

Hi Brandon

The gum boil infection is due to the decay causing a leak into the root canal system of your tooth. I trust that your dentist has already explored the possibility of removing the decay, redoing the root canal and crown but has deemed the tooth unsalvageable. One possible reason a tooth like that can't be saved is when the decay is so extensive that a new crown cannot be done even if the root canal is redone.

If implants are your choice, and no preparatory work needs to be done in terms of increasing the bone available or to preserving it after extraction, then I would suggest getting the tooth removed sooner rather than later.

This infection will not spread to your head but leaving the infection there for a prolonged period of time increases your risk of having more bone lost due to the infection which then makes implant insertion more challenging especially since aesthetics is a concern.

Hope this helps you make your decision. Thanks for your enquiry.

Reply Posted February 07, 2009

Lensmaster

Brandon wrote

Hi doc,

I've had a gum boil due to an infection caused by what looks like tooth decay beneath a cap I've had on tooth #8 for probably 3 months now. The specialist who did the root canal on that tooth years ago before being capped said it will be okay to wait another couple months to get the tooth removed for an implant, but not to wait much longer than that. (he took an x ray and traced the problem through the boil, he also said the root canal looked fine)

Is this an infection that could spread to my head if I wait that long?

I'm trying to see how urgent of a condition this is because he acted like it wasn't a huge emergency, just to work on getting it done.

Thank you doctor

Reply Posted January 27, 2009

Lensmaster

yasmin akrum wrote

Hi Lucille
To continue, at the maintenance visit, usually a periodontal chart will be done unless the visits are very close to each other, and under-the-gums cleaning is performed as deemed appropriate. Oral hygiene is checked and corrected if necessary and the interval between maintenance visits is determined.
Hope I have helped you some
Thanks for your enquiry
Yasmin

Reply Posted December 24, 2008

Lensmaster

Yasmin Akrum wrote

Dear Lucille,
The answer to your question is yes and no. To do a surgery or not depends on a lot of factors which requires an intra oral examination. Examples of factors include your standard of oral hygiene, type of treatment you have undergone, amount of subgingival calculus, is the tooth in a difficult to access area, is the ation involved, mobility of tooth, your medical status and the list goes on. I am afraid I am not in a position to advise you as such and the best person is probably your own periodontist.
As for maintenance programme, it is always good to ubdergo one after the active phase of gum treatment is over. If your perio condition is stable (as determined by the periodontist), you can usually return to your general practitioner for regular scalings. The interval is determioned by your oral hygiene status. If however, you have residual pockets that need constant monitoring, maintenance can be continued with the periodontist.

Reply Posted December 24, 2008

Lensmaster

lucille wrote

Hi Dr Akrum, I have a gum pocket of 5mm. Is gum surgery the best option for a gum pocket of 5mm? Also, after a gum treatment, will I need to go through a maintenance programme to continue to keep my gums healthy? What are these programme?

Thanks and kind regards
Lucille

Reply Posted December 16, 2008

Lensmaster

Dr Yasmin Akrum wrote

Hi Ms Carmody

Thanks for your interest. I am sorry to hear about the gaps that you complain of. If the gaps are between the teeth, that is the gums in between the teeth have receeded, nothing much can be done to bring back that "missing gum". Only recession on the part of the tooth facing outwards can be regenerated. Gaps between teeth after orthodontic treatemnt in adults is quite common, I am afraid. You can perhaps mask it with venners? (you will need input from a prosthodontist for this).Perhaps you can email me a photo if you have one. As for massaging gums with a toothpick, I am afraid I have not read of that improving gum growth. Also, be careful you do not end up traumatising the gum with it as excessive trauma with a toothpick or brush can cause recession too.

Hope this helps.
Thanks
Dr Yasmin Akrum
Peirodontist, Gum Specialist Singapore

Reply Posted November 25, 2008

Lensmaster

siobhan carmody wrote

I am massaging the gums between the teeth with a tooth pick is this a good idea to promote new tissue growth?

Reply Posted November 22, 2008

Lensmaster

siobhan carmody wrote

Hi there.
I am 35 years oId. I had the surgery where they broke the bones above and around my top teeth and split my pallet. An expander was then placed in my pallet, i turned it twice daily, with a key. Now I have braces to bring my teeth back together and straighten them. But my gums are not going down to boarder the tooth like they used to. It looks like i have little gum disese holes between my gums and teeth that were not there before. Isthere anything I can do to grow my gums down so they are flush with my teeth? I can send you a pic If you like.

Thanks

Reply Posted November 22, 2008

Lensmaster

Lilyanna wrote

hi

i recommend dr yasmin's service for those who dont know her. she offer good service

Reply Posted August 17, 2008

00gt00 wrote...

Nice lens! I use to hate the dentist when I was little, but now I know what happens when you don't go!!! Great lens, keep up the great work!

ReplyPosted August 13, 2008

 
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