Nazareth - An Interactive Exploration

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Biblical Nazareth - Tools for Teaching and Interactive Learning

On this page you'll find some interesting historical details about Biblical Nazareth and ideas for hands-on activities for an interactive experience of what it was like in Nazareth 2,000 years ago. While I originally created this page for volunteers who were working with Group's Nazareth Themed Vacation Bible School program, these tips, tools, links and photos would also be useful for theatre productions, history presentations, classroom lessons, and other projects involving Biblical Nazareth (or really, any small town in first century Israel).

I find that in recreating a Biblical setting it helps to start with a a general understanding of what's historical, and with that in mind work towards what's practical. The more accurate details we can include, the better picture we present of what it was like in the town and time that Jesus grew up in. So, get ready to dig into some great historical information about Nazareth and life in the first century AD. Then scroll on down for some fun Nazareth crafts and activities, helpful links, photos, and more!

Nazareth in Jesus' Day

During the time of Jesus, Nazareth was a Jewish community of less than 400 people in the hills of Galilee. Archaeologists found a stone quarry there, terraced farmland, a wine press, and watch-towers like the ones which Jesus describes in the Parable of the Wicked Vinedressers in Matthew 21 and Mark 12. They also found a house with a cistern and stone and chalk vessels that Jews typically used at that period to preserve purity of food. But what wasn't found there was just as telling. No glass, mosaics, frescoes, paved roads, or imported materials were found in Nazareth from the 1st century, suggesting that this was a simple, rural village at that time.

SOURCES
The Nazareth Village Website
Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus by Jonathan L. Reed.

A House in Nazareth

Photo by  See the Holy LandA house in Nazareth might have been one roomed or have several small rooms opening into a central courtyard. Stairs on the outside of the house led up to the roof, which was used as an outdoor room partly shaded by matting or something like a tent.

Inside, small windows (sometimes covered by lattice or shutters) made for dark rooms. Niches and wooden shelves were used for storage. Most houses had a cistern for water. There would be a wide bench made of mud brick or stone at one end with pillows and mats to sleep on or sit on. People also sat on the floor or on cushions. You might have a table, couch, or bed if you were rich.

Things you might find in a house in Nazareth:
Woven Blankets
Woven mats
Cushions/pillows (often decorated with embroidery)
Rough mortar and pestle (usually in courtyard)
Jars for oil, olives, water.
Cooking utensils.
Pottery for eating on
Oil lamps
Perfume bottles (or boxes)
Wineskins
A loom
Baskets
Food like garlic, onions, dried beans, grain, squash, figs, watermelon, grapes
Herbs (possibly hung up to dry) like coriander, dill, chicory, hyssop, marjoram, mint, thyme.
Jewelery (beaded glass, gold, silver or bronze, hoop earrings )

SOURCES
Bible Lands and Cities: Nazareth
Follow the Rabbi: A Galilee Home
Women in the Bible: Clothes, Jewelery, Houses
Houses in Bible Times
Wikipedia: Ancient Isrealite Cuisine

Picture of Nazareth Villiage shelf provided by See the Holy Land.

Make a "stone wall"

Learn how at the site below...

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A Nazareth Meal

According to Bible Lands and Cities, a typical meal in Nazareth would consist of lentil soup and flatbread (usually barley bread). With this they might have had fresh fruits in season (grapes, watermelon, cantaloupe, figs, apricots, pomegranates, and olives) or dried fruit (dried apricots, figs, and pomegranates). They also might have cheese made from goats milk, and curdled milk (similar to yogurt) sweetened with honey . Meat was rarely eaten except on special occasions. The most common meat was probably dried fish. Other meats eaten included goat, lamb, chicken, geese, duck, pigeon, and quail. Beef was only eaten by the elite.

Here are some recipes you can use when recreating a Nazareth meal:


Lentil Soup with Flatbread
(You will need to multiply this for a large group)

7 ounces red lentils

15g (1 tablespoon) rice

1 flat bread

1 tbsp cumin

2 tbsp olive oil

2 onions, sliced

Salt

Rinse the lentils and rice and put them in a saucepan. Cover lentils with water. Add salt and cumin. Bring to a boil and cook 1 hour.

Fry or grill the sliced onions until blackened. Scatter the onions on the soup and serve immediately.

Flatbread can be used with the soup in two ways:
1. Serve with soup for dipping, either toaster or untoasted.
2. Cut into bite sized pieces and toast, then sprinkle on soup right before serving.

HISTORICAL NOTE: Rice was first introduced in Isreal by the Persions, and by the Roman period was a common food and major export. (Wikipedia: Ancient Israelite Cuisine)

From a recipe found here.




Barley Flatbread
This recipe makes 8 loaves. If participants are helping you make this bread, you can also get some barley seed or wheat kernels and have them grind it into flour between two rocks (or a flat rock and a stone rolling pin, which was somewhat like women in Nazareth did). I suggest having them grind a small amount and add that to pre-ground store bought barley and wheat flour, since grinding enough to make an entire loaf could be time consuming.

1 teaspoon active dry yeast
1/4 cup warm water
1/2 cup fat free plain yogurt at room temperature
1/2 teaspoon baking soda
1 cup barley flour
1 cup wholewheat flour (or other whole grain)
1/2 teaspoon salt

Dissolve the yeast in warm water. Stir the yogurt until it is smooth, then stir in baking soda. The yogurt will froth. Combine salt, barly flour, and wholewheat flour (or alternative) in a large mixing bowl. Stir in yogurt yeast/water mixture. Knead for 10 minutes by hand.

Cover the bowl with saran wrap or wet towel and let rise for 1 to 1.5 hours in a warm place. It should doubled in size. Remove the dough from bowl and kneed on a breadboard. Divide into into 8 small balls. Flatten each ball into a 6" circle. Cover and let stand for 20 minutes.

Have cloth ready for pressing the dough and wrapping the finsihed loaves (something you won't mind getting oil on). Coat a frypan with oil or cooking spray (olive oil would have been used in Nazareth, but other oils work just as well). Place dough in the pan (how ever many will fit without touching...and a little room between). Press each circle of dough with the folded cloth to squeeze out air bubbles and prevent air pockets from forming. Cook 1.5 minutes, flip, and cook another minute more. When the bread is cooked the edges of the bread will look moist. Remove from pan and wrap in cloth to keep warm.

From a recipe found here. (Recipe modified to add 1st century details). You can find more recipes for flatbread here.

In rural villages like Nazareth, women would often wake up 3 hours before dawn to grind grain.

The Synagogue

SynagogueComing to his hometown, he began teaching the people in their synagogue, and they were amazed. "Where did this man get this wisdom and these miraculous powers?" they asked. "Isn't this the carpenter's son? Isn't his mother's name Mary, and aren't his brothers James, Joseph, Simon and Judas? Aren't all his sisters with us? Where then did this man get all these things?" And they took offense at him.
- Matthew 13:54-58 (NIV)


Though Nazareth was a small town, it is not surprising that it would have a Synagogue, as it only took 10 Jewish men to start one, and the population of Nazareth was primarily (if not completely) Jewish. Three of the Gospels mentions Jesus preaching in the Synagogue in Nazareth (Matthew 13:54-58; Mark 6:1-6; Luke 4:16-30).

Inside a First Century Synagogue
Most synagogues of the first century shared the following common features:

  • Benches lining the walls.

  • An open central space.

  • Rows of columns on each side of the central space.

The walls in many synagogues were decorated with carvings. Most synagogues contained a chest to hold scrolls of God's word, and in the center or at one end of the communal meeting room there was something like a podium, where the scriptures would be read.

A Sabbath Service
A Sabbath service could start once there were ten people present. The service may have opened with a communal prayer, then the people gathered would stand as the scriptures were read. Passages from the Torah, the Prophets, and the Psalms would be read in Hebrew first, often followed by a translation into Aramaic (the language most people spoke then). Following this the reader or another Jewish male would offer a commentary on what was read. Others were then free to offer their opinions. A communal prayer may have closed the meeting.

Women attended synagogue, and unlike in the temple, they were not always segregated from the men (though sometimes men and women did sit separately). Pious Gentile "God-fearers" who had not fully converted to Judaism could also attend the Synagogue.

Synagogue School
Synagogues also served as schools. As early as 75 BC education for boys in Israel began to be considered compulsary. Children were taught reading and basic arithmetic, and once a child could read they were given parchment rolls with passages of the Scriptures to memorize. The primary passages they learned were:

  • The Shema (Deut 6:4-6)

  • The Hallel (Ps 113-118)

  • The Story of Creation (Gen 1-5)

  • The Essence of Levitical Law (Lev 1-8)

Students were also asked to seek out and memorize a personal text...one that began with the first letter of his name and ended with the last letter of his name.

To teach was a high honor, and the moral character of a teacher was considered more important than his academic qualifications. A teacher had to be an even-tempered married male who had another way to support himself, since he must teach for free.

A Community Meeting Place
Synagogues also served as a court of law and community center where festivals and political assemblies would be held.

SOURCES
Donald D. Binder, "Second Temple Synagogue FAQs"
The Synagogue
Education in Ancient Isreal
Nazareth Village Synagogue

The journey from Nazareth to Bethlehem, where Jesus was born, was about 100 miles and probably took 8 to 10 days. The trip Jesus' family took to Jerusalem for the Passover was about the same distance.

Joseph, the Carpenter

Nazareth Village Carpenter - Photo by Andrew DowsettThe greek word translated "carpenter" used to describe Joseph in our Bible was a very broad term that could also be translated "building-tradesman." It could describe someone who worked with wood, stone, plaster, or tin and could even be used to describe an unskilled building worker.

One common job a carpenter did was to make planks of wood for a roof. The carpenter had to first cut down trees for timber with an axe or primitive saw, then either saw down the length of the wood or shape the wood into suitable beams with a hand adze (an axe-like tool used primarily for shaping wood). (You can see some pictures of first century carpentry tools here. )

Carpenters also made smaller items for the home like doors, window lattices, stools, low tables, and chests. In Nazareth Joseph most likely supplied farmers with agricultural tools like yokes, ploughs, and shovels. But it's unlikely he would have found enough work in Nazareth alone, and probably often travelled to nearby towns to work on building projects or sell his craftwork.

Two and a half miles from Nazareth was the city of Sepphoris, at that time one of the largest cities in the area, and fairly wealthy. After the death of Herod at the time of a census a man name Judas (not Iscariot) led a revolt against the Romans there, "claiming that the census and taxation associated with it were tantamount to slavery". In retaliation the Romans destroyed the city and sold many of the poeple there as slaves. Herod Antipas (Herod's son) later renamed the city Autocratis, and was rebuilding it in Roman style to be his new capital at the same time that Jesus was growing up in Nazareth. Its very likely that Joseph, as a carpenter, travelled there to find work as it was less than a two hour walk away.

SOURCES
The Biblical Wood Shop
Isreal Pages: Sepphoris and Nazareth
Photo by Andrew Dowsett

In the 1st century, the average lifespan was only 30 years.

Pictures From Nazareth Village

Nazareth Village is a recreation of Nazareth as it was 2,000 years ago, located just 500 yards from where the town of Nazareth is thought to have been at the time of Jesus. The photos below were made available through Creative Commons on Flickr by Hoyasmeg, Ian W. Scott, and See the Holy Land.net.

Interior courtyard in a multi-generational house by Ian W Scott
Nazareth Village by Seetheholyland.net
Reconstructed First-century Synagogue by Ian W Scott
Nazareth Village by Seetheholyland.net
Olive press interior construction at Nazareth village by Ian W Scott
door hinge at the olive press in Nazareth Village museum by Ian W Scott
Nazareth Village by Seetheholyland.net
Nazareth Village by Seetheholyland.net
Sheep @ Nazareth Village_0721 by hoyasmeg
Donkey foal_0713 by hoyasmeg
Nazareth Village girl_0728 by hoyasmeg
Skipping Rope & resting_0722 by hoyasmeg
curated content from Flickr

Take a Walk Through Nazareth

First Century Nazareth Village
by badermansour | video info

32 ratings | 21,655 views
curated content from YouTube

CRAFT IDEAS: Weaving

Weaver from Nazareth Villiage  - Picture By See the Holy LandThe picture to the right shows a woman weaving cloth like a woman in Nazareth might have done. They would start by making thread using a drop spindle, then might dye the thread, and would weave it on a loom (as in the picture). All of these activities make great crafts, though some of them are not as suitable for young children.

MAKING THREAD ON A DROP SPINDLE
I have not tried this out but it looks as if this is a craft which could be done with older children and teens, but might be too hard for younger children. A drop spindle can be made from a dowl and a door pull, wooden car wheel, or even a an old CD. There is a good video showing how to use a drop spindle here, and you can find some detailed written instructions here (though it looks like two different types of spindles were used, one with a weight at the bottom and another with a weight at the top). Making enough string for even the coaster sized weaving project below would probably be too time consuming for a typical VBS marketplace session or Sunday School class, but it looks like making enough for three strands for a braided bracelet might be possible.

DYEING
While it's possible to dye with the same natural materials used in the first century, most methods requires boiling and some considerable time. So, if you want to dye wool or cloth with children commercial dyes may be preferable (though you can use grape juice or kool-aid). However, if you intersperse dying with other activites during the wait time while the dye sets, it may be possible. Click on the links below to find out how to make various dyes which might have been used in first century Galilee:

Overview of Dying With List of Natural Materials You Can Use
(not all materials listed were available in Bible times)

Plants Used in Dying (Includes historial info on some plants)
(Page sometimes refers you to Medical Uses of Plants and other sections of it's site, which can be found from it's main page here.)

Chicory and Walnut Dye
(Also has a Goldenrod Dye, which is Native to the Americas and wasn't in Isreal at that time).

Dandelion Root Dye

Grape Juice Dye

Marigold/ Calendula Dye

Onion Skin Dye

Pomegranate Dye

WEAVING
Making coaster sized rugs or woven bracelets with cardboard looms is a simple craft children can do. You can find a tutorial here or check out the video below. To make it easy for children to weave, you can glue popsicle sticks to the end of pre-cut pieces of yarn for them to use as a "needle" to pull the thread over and under the strings. Unfinished projects can be taken home, but make sure to first demonstrate what to do when finished (and possibly send home printed instructions). Another option is a straw loom which is sometimes easier for little hands.

Picture of weaver from Nazareth Villiage provided by See the Holy Land.

How to Weave on a Cardboard Loom

powered by Youtube

ACTIVITY: A Nazareth Garden

Decorated Peat Pots

Planting something which grew in Nazareth can be a fun activity for a child. Luckily, there are many common garden plants which also grew in Nazareth. I've listed some below which also have short germination times (which is important when planting with children, who can loose interest if a plant takes too long to sprout). The varieties which grow in Nazareth may be a little different then the varieties commonly grown in the US, which tend to be a bit more showy.

VEGETABLES and HERBS
Cucumber (germinate 4-6 days)
Squash (germinates 4-6 days)
Watermellon (germinates 4-6 days)
Canteloupe/Muskmellon (germinates 4-6 days)
Garlic (plant cloves)
Dill (germinates 5 days)

Since none of these vegetables grow well on a windowsill (except possibly garlic or dill, though dill grows tall), you may want to check here to see when is the best time to plant in your area. Watermelon and cantaloupe may be an issue with parents, since they take up a lot of garden space.

FLOWERS
Alyssum, (4-8 days) - type in Isreal is yellow
Aster (7 - 14)
Calendula/Pot Marigold (germinates 5-7 days) .
Pink Dianthus (germinates 5-7 days)
Morning Glory (7 - 14 days) - NOTE: the seeds are poisonous if eaten in large quantities.
Portulaca (one site said 6-10 day, another said 14 - 21 days)
Scabiosa/Pincusion Flower/Bachelor Button - (8 - 12 Days)
Snapdragons (7 - 12 days)
Viola (7 - 14 days)

FUN FACT: Calendula flower was used for medicine, and a dye can be made using it's petals. The type which grows in Isreal looks more like a daisy and less like a mum (I've seen something similar sold in garden centers in the US).

Herodian Antiquities

If you are looking for photos or illustrations of items from the time of Christ, "Herodian" is a good search term to try. Herodian refers the time period of the dynasty of Herod. Though these items might not have been found in or near Nazareth, they do give an idea of the type of items found in Isreal during that time period. Below are some items brought up in an Ebay search for Herodian antiquities.
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Resources and Links

Free Printable Training Flyers

These flyers are free for non-profit use. They contain a lot of the information found here in printed form, including pictures.
1st Century Nazareth
This flyer contains useful pictures and tid-bits about life in Nazareth in the first century.
A Nazareth Home
This flyer has a list of items you might find in a Nazareth house, along with a photo collage.

Free Greek and Hebrew Fonts

Hebrew Fonts
These fonts have ancient Hebrew letters, and are free to use. The Nabatean Font (1st c.) would have been the type Jesus would have used and read from most often.
Greek Fonts
Various Greek Fonts, all free to use.

Useful Links and Articles

Historical Resources

Bible Landes
This is a wonderful source for learning about daily life in various ancient cities.
The Nazareth Village Website
Nazareth Villiage has been a great resource both for photographic inspiration and for the informative articles on their site.
Historical Timeline
This timeline is great for putting the events of the New Testament in context.
Biblediagrams.com - Bible Timelines
This site has very good color coded visual timelines of the 4 Gospels as well as a 2000 year timeline that puts the Gospels in context.
Gospel Harmony - 4 Gospel Timeline
This site attempts to put the individual stories in the four Gospels in chronological order. Though I'm not sure if I agree entirely with their ordering (for instance, they split Jesus' trip to Nazareth where he was rejected into two separate visits, where it seems to me like these were describing a single event) I found this a valuable resource.
Life of Jesus - First Century Context of Palestine (Israel)
An overview of political and daily life in first century Palestine.
Bible Resources - Local Governments
I found this a clear, concise description of the structure of government under the Romans in Jesus' time.
Bible Archetecture
I found the "housing" section of this site extremely helpful.
All Things In the Bible
You can preview a lot of the pages of this book online, including pages showing agricultural and carpentry tools.
Sabbath Meals - Ancient History
I found this answer to a question about the type of meal Jesus would have eaten extremely helpful. He not only laid out wonderfully the first century diet and eating habits, but related it to it's practical application in a 5th grade classroom.
Primitive Skills and Wilderness Crafts
Though this lens doesn't have anything specifically to do with 1st Century Palestine, some of the skills it describes (rope making, fire starting) were things that were part of daily life in all ancient cultures).
Inside First Century Home | That the World May Know
Summary of what it was like in a first century Jewish home.
Luv Shmuli
This fictional diary of a first century Galilean boy is a fun way to learn about daily life in this time period.
Ancient Jewish Coins
A reference listing of coins used by the Jewish people in ancient times - Calgary Coin.
Map of 1st Century Judea and Galilee
A good reference.

VBS Resources

Groups Forum - Hometown Nazareth
I've found the forums at Group to be an invaluable resource for problem solving and getting ideas.
Group Hometown Nazareth Main Page
We used the Hometown Nazareth VBS program at our church, and I highly recommend it. While we decided to forgo the cartoonish decorations in favor of the more historical decor, the information, dialogues, and format of this program is exceptional! Our kids really responded to it.
Jesus in Nazareth: Preschool VBS
This looks like it would be a good supplement to the Group Nazareth VBS materials for Churches wanting to incorporate a pre-school program.
Bible Costumes
A page about putting together biblical costumes, with some good videos.
Jesus in Nazareth Coloring Pages
Free coloring pages for Nazareth VBS.
Riding to Nazareth Craft
This looks like a great craft to do with younger children during family time.
VBS Nazareth Snack Ideas
Great easy snack ideas which help teach the VBS Bible point of the day.
Bible Crafts for Kids
This page had a lot of crafts related to Bible stories which I could see as viable alternative crafts for a Nazareth themed VBS.
Rock Walls For Theater
A gallery of great ways to make faux rock walls. Great for Nazareth set design.
Tips for the Hometown Nazareth Bead Bazaar
A woman shared her experience with the Bead Bazaar...and if you are doing this marketplace craft, there's lots to learn from there!
Bible Coloring Pages - New Testament
Here you will find a well organized list of New Testament Bible coloring pages.
Bibles-toys-games-crafts
This page has several crafts which could be useful in a Holy Land themed VBS.
VBS Planning Timeline
A great resource for keeping you on track.

Helpful Books

Please share any books that you've found helpful in researching or recreating Biblical Nazareth.

All Things in the Bible [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of the Biblical World [Two Volumes]

All Things in the Bible [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of the Biblical World [Two Volumes]

The Bible is the central text of Western civilization, more...1 point

Food at the Time of the Bible. From Adam's Apple to the Last Supper by Miriam Feinberg Vamosh

Food at the Time of the Bible. From Adam's Apple to the Last Supper by Miriam Feinberg Vamosh

What did people eat at the time of the Bible? How more...0 points

The HarperCollins Visual Guide to the New Testament: What Archaeology Reveals about the First Christians by Jonathan L. Reed

The HarperCollins Visual Guide to the New Testament: What Archaeology Reveals about the First Christians by Jonathan L. Reed

This one-of-a-kind presentation of the New Testament more...0 points

Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: A Re-examination of the Evidence by Jonathan L. Reed

Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: A Re-examination of the Evidence by Jonathan L. Reed

This book reconstructs first-century Galilee from more...0 points

The Time of Jesus: Crafts to Make that Recreate Everyday Life by Lois Rock

The Time of Jesus: Crafts to Make that Recreate Everyday Life by Lois Rock

Imagine growing up in the time of Jesus-being part more...0 points

Patterns for Theatrical Costumes: Garments, Trims, and Accessories from Ancient Egypt to 1915 by Katherine Strand Holkeboer

Patterns for Theatrical Costumes: Garments, Trims, and Accessories from Ancient Egypt to 1915 by Katherine Strand Holkeboer

Patterns for Theatrical Costumes by Katherine Stra more...0 points

Hands-On History: Ancient Civilizations Activities (Hands-on History Activities) by Garth Sundem

Hands-On History: Ancient Civilizations Activities (Hands-on History Activities) by Garth Sundem

Making learning fun and interactive is a surefire more...0 points

Other Interactive Bible Lenses

Browse the links below to find other pages full of history, pictures, and and interactive activities related to different Bible places, people, and stories.
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Thanks

Peppered throughout this page you'll find the various sources I used for the information and photos throughout this article, for which I am very grateful. I am not an expert on Biblical history or archaeology, so if you're doing academic research you will probably want to cite my sources and not this page, as I doubt this would be considered a credible source.

I also want to give a special thanks to See the Holy Land, a company which organizes tours of various Holy Land Sites, for the use of many of the photos on this site (and for the wonderful Biblical timeline shared there, which I wish I had discovered earlier in my research). And I want to thank all the people who offered help on the Group Forums, and for all the people who answered my questions on Yahoo Groups and Squidu.

Sign the "Guest Scroll"

I'd love your feedback! Please leave a comment below!

  • trendydad May 10, 2012 @ 9:26 am | delete
    i would love to visit Nazareth, love your lens
  • Light-in-me Apr 3, 2012 @ 6:10 pm | delete
    This is a very interesting, informative, awesome lens.
    Nice job, very well done!
    Robin :)
  • Einar_A Jan 30, 2012 @ 10:29 am | delete
    Fascinating lens on what daily life was like in Nazareth, in Jesus' day!
  • TheHealthCabin Jan 26, 2012 @ 4:09 am | delete
    Great informative lens, Thank you.
  • Fashionchick Jan 26, 2012 @ 1:52 am | delete
    very, very interesting lens and intend to try the lentil soup and flatbread recipe
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