Clothing and Fashion

It has been suggested by many critics that clothes can change society's ideas of sex, gender and the roles of men and women. Rouse (1989) suggests that fashion and clothing do not reflect already established ideals of gender identity. However some critics propose that fashion and clothing follows strict basic ideas of masculinity and femininity. This essay plans to investigate the different ideas that critics have produced on fashion and identity, and see if Rouse's idea of clothing being 'part of the process' can be applied to examples of conventional and inverted fashion. It also plans to look at the argument that by not conforming to gendered clothes of a person's sex, that person has really escaped their gender identity.

It has been suggested that fashion is composed of 3 elements; the principle of conspicuous waste, the principle of conspicuous leisure and the principle of up to datedness where waste does not serve human life (Veblen 1992). This idea supports the Marxist idea that fashion only appears when society is so well organised that it produces more than the minimum needed to survive thus this surplus is suggested to show itself in the form of fashion where clothing is concerned.

(Braudel 1981) can be seen to support Rouse's theory by his own idea that fashion began by noblemen, squires and the bourgeoisie wearing tunics 'so tight that they revealed what modesty bids us to hide.' The reason for doing this can be seen as a show of male masculinity thus creating an unconscious link between this way of dressing and their power in society as men and as the Elite ruling class. (Wilson 1985) suggests that it began in the 14th Century with the changing of a series of styles that was determined by the Royal court right up until the 18th Century.

The idea that women's fashion in the 19th Century demonstrates the wearer's 'abstinence from productive employment' supports the idea that fashion helps and is part of the process of creating an identify. This can be seen by the fact women wore bonnets, long skirts long hair that prevented and restricted their movement to a minimum, thus the idea that they were dependant on men was strengthened and their position in society.

It suggests that fashion underlines sexuality so when clothes are worn to produced gender bending ideals it makes the majority feel threatened. He also thinks that exaggerated standards of beauty 'can be disempowering and even offensive'. My first example (see appendix 1) is Christina Aguilera at the Music awards in Edinburgh 2003. The clothes she chose to wear to this event do not reflect conventional ideas of femininity, and for this she has been criticised by the magazine. Her first outfit is a torn tie-dyed dress and seems to be 'Tasteful' due to the fact it is a dress and reflects the gender identity allocated conventionally to it. In total contrast the next outfit is very domineering. It consists of leather trousers a bra and a little lace top. In contrast to the last outfit she wears her hair up as apposed to wearing it naturally. In wearing this she is creating an aggressive masculine image however, the magazine writer has mocked her by saying she has 'forgotten her top' suggesting that what she wears is not acceptable in society as it does not reflect her sexuality. The next outfit creates a strange image for her. We suppose it is a female one as she is in a skirt; however this outfit goes completely against convention and makes the viewer slightly uneasy as we try to guess what identity she is trying to convey. This could be seen as Wilson's idea of exaggerated standards of beauty. In her next outfit her image again has undergone a complete change. She is in trousers which do add an n image of dominance it is toned down by the neutral colour of it. However the top with it reflects femininity by the fact it has a bow, which is quite a feminine idea or has been allocated female identity. In contrast the next outfit uses the same colour as the previous shirt, in a way that exaggerates femininity. However it is paired with a pair of trouser s that create a very masculine image. The fact that she does not reflect a set gender in her clothes again or the viewer is slightly uncomfortable. In her next outfit seems to create a gothic image that the magazine takes the piss out of perhaps because it does not reflect female gender identity. This is in contrast to the last outfits she wears which do create and conform to the identity of a conventional woman, however the last one in particular is again a very extreme version of this thus the magazine calls it 'ridiculous'.

It can be said then that the clothes Christina Aguilera wears on this night does create a certain gender identity, however whether we as viewers accept her decisions to wear the clothes depends on whether the reflect already existing gender identity in a way which is not excessively extreme. It can also be said that she is trying to escape the false and constricting ideology of feminism. She is in a way reversing gender roles by wearing trousers

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Maternity Clothes

Dressing gracefully during pregnancy is fast becoming a fad not only for working mothers but also for housewives. Today's expectant mothers want to carry their pregnancy in style, and most dress smartly in fitted pants and shirts, shedding off yesteryear's oversized gowns to hide their belly.

In US, many specialty stores cater to the needs of expectant mothers and offer a variety of clothing, so that women no longer have to be out of fashion due to their pregnancy. Stores like Target, JC Penney, Amazon Marketplace and Nordstrom offer clothes ranging from denims, daily wear, office wear, party wear, sleepwear and even swimsuits for expectant mothers, designing them according to the latest trend or fashion. These specialty stores cater not just to the upper strata of society but also to ordinary people. Many fashion houses also create exclusive maternal clothing and organize special fashion shows to display their product line, with supermodels and Hollywood superstars promoting them.

In the modern world of technological advancements, expectant mothers can also buy maternal clothing online or through catalogs. Many of these online resources not only allow users to shop for maternal clothing, but also provide useful tips on pregnancy. Some companies also design maternal clothing so that a woman can wear these clothes after delivering her baby, which ensures that the clothes stay useful. However, when shopping for maternal clothing one needs to keep in mind that the clothes should be comfortable, and complement one's personality.

Motherhood is a wonderful experience, and maternity clothing certainly helps in making the moments more memorable by giving expectant mothers the freedom to choose from the latest trend without any compromise. Women can carry their pregnancy gracefully in exclusive maternity clothing.

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