Shipwreck Treasure off Coastal Malaysia
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Sunken Treasure Uncovered
Yeah, all the stuff associated with this charming place called Malaysia is nice and each topic richly deserves a separate lens. But today, I'd like to talk about Malaysian treasures. No, not of the legal tender kind but in the form of artefacts salvaged from the bottom of the South China Sea and the Malacca Straits. They are now on display at the National Museum of Malaysia and will be there for the remaining of 2011. I took some shots and thought of sharing them with you.
It's been said that shipwrecks are like time capsules. The things they leave behind tell you a bit about the past; yup, we're talking history here. Having said that, I'm sure you'd agree that unless you have a PhD in archaeology specializing in ancient Asian civilization, looking at shipwreck remains may not tell you very much. Good thing though the museum provided some information on the ships and the exhibits so your's truly didn't look like a complete ignoramus. That plus other people's views on the subject (and my, ahem.. basic knowledge of Malayan history) sort of heightened my appreciation for shipwrecks (that didn't sound quite right, did it? What I really meant was my deepest sympathies for those who perished, but I appreciate the evidence they left behind).
Malaya History in Brief
I'll tell you a little bit about Malayan history. Not that all these shipwrecks are tied to Malayan history. But I was hoping to give you a glimpse of the events that took place here when these shipwrecks occured off our shores. But I'll keep it short so as not to bore you.. Also please note that the town Malacca is often quoted because a lot of stuff happened here. It's like the icing of the Malayan cake, get it? So please don't confuse Malacca with Malaya. One is a town, the other is an entire country.Imagine a primordial civilization where the early Chinese, Arab and European merchant ships converge in this tropical port-town called Malacca and carrying on board spices, precious stones, silk, porcelain, food stuff and even luxuries such as kingfisher feather, elephant tusks, rhinoceros horns and pearls from the region. Hundreds of Chinese "junks" dot the Malacca Straits and dozens of sail ships ferry traders and missionaries to our shores. Looming in the distance, a darker picture emerges; a fleet of Portuguese warships laden with canons prepare for an all-out invasion of Malacca (CE 1511). They capture Malacca after a fierce battle with the Malacca Sultanate, which later goes on to establish the Johor Sultanate. The Dutch, equally tempted to control this lucrative trade route subsequently overthrows the Portuguese with the help of the Johor Sultanate (CE 1641). But the Dutch then surrenders Malacca to the British (CE 1824) who then rules the British colonies of Singapore, Penang and Malacca (CE 1826 - CE 1946). And finally, the Second World War; the British relinquishes power to the Japanese without a fight but reclaims it three years later. That's Malayan history condensed. After gaining independence from the British in 1957 it became Malaysia..
Those were the days when this peninsula was known as "Tanah Melayu" which is translated to English as "Malay Land" or simply "Malaya". From the writings of the Greek mathematician and geographer, Claudius Ptolemy (CE 90 - CE 168), we know that the early Europeans traversed our waters sometime in the first century. The Chinese are also believed to have sailed our seas during the Han Dynasty (BCE 206 - CE 220) and had trade ties with the Roman Empire. That's a long way back. And the fact that Malacca Straits was part of the most happening trade route in the early days (known as the "Silk Road"), can you imagine the amount of maritime traffic here? And considering the perils of sea travel; storms, pirates, treacherous reefs, people dozing off at the wheels, many poor souls must have succumbed to the dangers. Over two thousand years of maritime trade, the ocean floor of the South China Sea would have become a graveyard of numerous shipwrecks.The actual number of shipwrecks here is anyone's guess. A Malaysian Minister recently announced there's been 75 reported shipwrecks in our waters alone, and many more were not reported. Hmm... think about all the wreckage still lying there just waiting to be discovered? By the way, some of the shipwrecks discovered was as recent as in 2003, so I won't be surprised if another discovery is made pretty soon.
Before I digress further into outer-space, let me get back to the topic at hand which is to show you the items salvaged from the Malaysian seas. I've arranged the photos in the chronological order of the shipwreck events with accompanying notes of the wreckage and recovered items.To get a perspective of the TIMES during which these mishaps took place, I have included snippets of other information I thought was relevant.
THE "TANJUNG SIMPANG MENGAYAU" SHIPWRECK (CE 960 - CE 1126)
The oldest shipwreck discovered from Malaysian waters
There was also extensive looting, so that may explain the limited items on display (couldn't see any bronze gongs!).
Who were the Songs ?
Now a little background on the Songs. Who were they? Sources say they were the most advanced society of their time. That was around CE 1000. Credit goes to them for advancing international trade even with people from as far as the Arabian peninsula and east Africa. They were also leading in the technological fields of agriculture, iron-workings and printing. Not only that, they initiated an orderly system of government administration. May not be a big deal today, but people actually had to pass public examinations to get jobs as government officials.
But sadly, I read that the practice of binding feet of women flourished during the Song Dynasty (although it started with its predecessors, the T'angs).
I'm not getting into the details of binding little girls feet...it's simply too ugly to describe.
THE "TURIANG " SHIPWRECK (CE 1370)
Early Signs of China's Ming Dynasty in Malaysian Waters
These ceramics offered new clues about the maritime trade in Southeast Asia, and in particular into the history of Thai ceramics. The Turiang was a Chinese ship apparently heading for Borneo and/or Sulawesi.
Why were there so manyThai & Vietnamese ceramics on board a Chinese Ship?
Thanks to Sten Sjostrand who discovered the Turiang, we got to know that Thai ceramics was BIG business in South-east Asia. The Turiang (named after the kiln-sites in Thailand from which most of the stoneware was produced) was actually a Chinese ship but had Thai, Vietnamese and Chinese ceramics on board. It was probably sailing from Ayutthaya, then capital of Thailand to Borneo and/or Sulawesi. With over half the cargo making up Thai ceramics, historians began to reassess the importance of the two major production centres of Sukhothai and Si-Satchanalai in Thailand.The Turiang also tells us that the dominance of Chinese ceramics in export markets during the Song (CE 960 - CE 1276) and early Yuan (CE 1271 - CE 1368) dynasties later faced serious competition from Vietnamese and Thai ceramics (notably from the 14th century onwards during the Ming Dynasty). Some believe it was due to Chinese potters fleeing the Mongol invasion in northern China for safer pastures in Thailand and Vietnam, implying a transfer of technical know-how of ceramic making from Chinese migrants to their would-be competitors. Some ship builders are also thought to have left China in CE 1371.
It has also been suggested that the decline in Chinese ceramics may be due to the 'Ming ban'.
The 'Ming ban' was a ban imposed by the Emperor Hongwu on all maritime activities primarily to curb piracy activities. Apparently this move was counter-productive and caused untold misery to the coastal communities and legitimate sea traders. This ban not only made it painful for business, it also made it tough for foreigners to visit China. At that time, the only way for foreigners to visit Ming China was via the tribute system.
Video on Shipwreck Expeditions in Malaysia
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THE "NANYANG" SHIPWRECK (CE 1380)
Another Chinese Shipwreck from the MIng Dynasty
Apparently this discovery was made by Sverker Hallstrom based on information gathered by Sten Sjostrand. The vessel is estimated to be 18 meters long with a mast 5 meters high and with about 15,000 to 20,000 pieces of stoneware and clayware on board. The Nanyang shipwreck is dated CE 1380 and but shows a distinct shift in trade from China to Thailand. The merchant ship still had a Chinese design but was made of tropical hardwood. Could it have been built in Thailand as well?
THE "LONGQUAN" SHIPWRECK (CE 1400)
Still More Evidence of Thai Ceramics in Chinese Ships
The discovery was again made by Swede, Sten Sjostrand.
The "Longquan", similar to the "Nanyang" was found to be made of tropical wood and was difficult to excavate as it was lying in more than 60 meters of water.
The name "Longquan" actually refers to the place in China where the green glaze ceramics (or "celadon") are renowned for. As for the celadons of Thailand, well, some people think their origins are linked to the arrival of Chinese migrants. The phenomenal growth of Thai celadons may also be attributed to the "Ming Ban" which I told you about before.
Since we're on the subject of "celadons", this is what I found; The story of the celadon began when a green glaze was used in China by the 7th century. During the Song dynasty (CE 960- CE 1280) this developed to a jade-like substance.
It's been written that celadon, like jade, was believed to have magical and protective powers; a celadon would ring if danger was approaching, and would change colour to warn of poisoned food. The technique of making it was perfected by the 12th and 13th century, and by the 14th century, motifs such as lotus flowers and chrysanthemums were incorporated into them. However by the14th century, the blue-and-white porcelain was also introduced and gradually displaced the underglaze black tradition.
Books on Treasure Hunters
Books on Shipwrecks
THE "ROYAL NANHAI" SHIPWRECK (CE 1460)
A Royal Barge from Ming China That Went Down
This 28 meter-long vessel, believed to be a royal barge from China, was submerged at a depth of 46 meters. For the purpose of future ongoing studies, more than 2,600 ceramics from the cargo were donated to the National Museum in Kuala Lumpur.
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Video on The Royal Nanhai Expedition
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THE "XUANDE" SHIPWRECK (CE 1540)
An Unfinished Imperial Mission
The Xuande, made from soft timber, was believed to be carrying out a special task for China's Emperor before it went down.
A little bit about the Emperor Xuande of The Ming Dynasty
An Emperor Who Also Painted
As this ship was named "Xuante" presumably with reference to the Emperor Xuande from the Ming Dynasty, I thought of learning a bit of the emperor himself.Born Zhu Zhanji, he was the eldest son of the Hongxi Emperor and Empress Cheng Xiao Zhao. Xuande was also fond of poetry and literature. Unlike his father, the Xuande Emperor (r. CE 1426-CE1435) decided to keep Beijing as the capital and rule the dynasty in the style of his grandfather, Yongle. (Yongle was keen on establishing maritime might and international trade). So he ordered Zheng He to lead another maritime expedition to continue the Yongle Emperor's golden age. Unfortunately, this was to be the last great voyage of Admiral Zheng He.
By the way, he was also a swell painter, no kidding. You should see his paintings of animals.
(Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuande_Emperor )
Some Information on Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho)
The Famous Eunuch Captain
I thought it appropriate to research a little bit about Zheng He because not only was he instrumental in expanding the influence of the Emperor Xuande, he really did influence the course of Malaya history.It seems that when Zheng He's fleet first arrived in Malacca in CE 1409, he found Chinese people already living there. And that was not to be his last visit. From my readings, 5 of his 7 famed voyages included Malacca in his itinerary. It was clear that Ming China found Malacca to be a useful transit centre for replenishment of fleet supplies. Relations with the Malacca ruler was amicable too. In fact, the sultan and sultana of Malacca at the time visited China and paid ample tribute to the emperor. Sultan Mansur Shah who ruled form CE1459 to CE 1477 later dispatched Tun Perpatih Putih as his envoy to China, carrying a letter from the sultan to the Ming emperor. The letter requested the hand of an imperial daughter in marriage. In the year 1459, a princess (Hang Li Po or Hang Liu), was sent by the Ming emperor to marry the sultan. The princess came with 500 sons of ministers and a few hundred handmaidens as her entourage. They eventually settled in Bukit Cina, Malacca. It is believed that a significant number of them married into the local populace. The descendants of these mixed marriages are locally known today as Peranakan and still use the honorifics Baba (male title) and Nyonya (female title).
In Malaysia today, some people believe that Admiral Zheng He (who died in 1433) sent princess Hang Li Po to Malacca in the year 1459 (how is this possible, I wonder... note the dates). However there is no record of Hang Li Po (or Hang Liu) in Ming history. She is mentioned only within Malaccan folklore and in the Sejarah Melayu or Malay Annals.
(Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He )
Books on Malaysia
Books on Chinese Civilization
Books on South-east Asia
THE "SINGTAI" SHIPWRECK (CE 1550)
However around this time, Chinese blue and white porcelain was getting more popular than the Thai celadon especially amongst the Europeans which resulted in the decline of Thai kilns.
MALAYA THEN: Malacca would now be in the hands of Portuguese invaders. Alfonso d' Albuquerque and his Portuguese fleet attack and finally captures Malacca on the 10 August 1511. The then Sultan Mahmud escapes to Pahang and the Portuguese goes on to build a fort called - "A Famosa" (the Famous) and Melaka passes into colonial hands for the next four and a half centuries.
THE "NASSAU" SHIPWRECK (CE 1606)
Dutch fails in attempt to capture Malacca from the Portuguese
THE PORTUGUESE ADMIRAL WHO LED THE INVASION OF MALACCA (CE 1511)
That was about 95 years before The Battle of Cape Rachado
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THE "WANLI" SHIPWRECK (CE 1630)
The Portuguese Ship That (Probably) Blew Up
Kraak Chinese porcelain were found in the wreckage.
When excavation work was carried out on this ship, 9,400 kg of broken porcelain was found. The high rate of damage to the cargo may have been due to Portuguese setting fire to the Wanli over some disputes with Dutch traders, The fire may have reached the powder room causing the ship to explode. Of the cargo recovered, there were still 7,400 registered pieces - a registered piece means it is at least 51% complete.
A bit on Kraak porcelain; the word "kraak" is believed to be named after the Portuguese ships (Carracks) in which it was transported. Mainly from the era of the Wanli reign (CE 1563-CE 1620) up to about CE 1640, kraak ware was among the first Chinese wares to arrive in Europe in large quantities. I suppose they must have been regarded as highly aesthetic objects since they were frequently featured in Dutch still-life paintings.
Mostly painted in underglazed cobalt blue style that was perfected under the Ming dynasty, It is often decorated with traditional motifs found on Chinese porcelain but with some variations., such as stylized flowers (peonies and chrysanthemums) and Buddhist auspicious emblems. However, Kraak decoration is most characterized with the use of foliated radial panels where the surface of the porcelain is divided into segments, each containing its own discrete image.
MALAYA THEN: You might like to know that not long after the "Wanli" shipwreck, Melaka falls into the hands of the Dutch on the 14 January 1641. The Portuguese Governor, Manuel de Souza Couthinho surrenders the city to Captain Minne Williemson Kaartokoe.
Video on Wanli Expedition
- Wanli Expedition
- Watch divers explore The Wanli
The Emperor Wanli (CE 1563 - CE 1620)
The Decline of The Ming Empire
The "Wanli" ship (probably not its original name) is presumably named after the Emperor Wanli. It is worth noting that at the time the Wanli ship sank, the Ming Dynasty was also on a tragic course towards oblivion.
At the age of 9, Wanli became emperor and in his early years he ruled under the guidance of elder statesmen. During his early reign the Ming Dynasty's economic and military power prospered. But sadly, towards the end of his rule mainly due to the emperor's gross mismanagement and selfish ambitions, the dynasty progressively declined and was finaly overthrown by the Manchus in CE 1644. The Emperor has been described as obese, extremely self indulgent (he spent huge amounts of state resources to construct his own tomb) and was thought to be an opium addict in his later years.
(Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanli_Emperor )
THE "RISDAM " SHIPWRECK (CE 1727)
Dutch Shipwreck during its Rule of Malacca
The elephants tusks you see is believed to have come from South East Asia.
It seems the ship was abandoned after a fatal leak.
THE "DIANA" SHIPWRECK (CE 1817)
Fine Porcelain from Qing Dynasty on board British Ship
The Diana, belonging to the British East India Company and on its way from China to Madras,apparently crashed into a submerged boulder shortly after departing Malacca port.. The wreckage was discovered in a depth of 35 meters.
It's been said that some 11 ton cargo comprising porcelain from the Qing Dynasty was auctioned off in Amsterdam in 1995 by Christie's and managed to raise US$ 3.3 million.
(I'm having second thoughts about shipwreck treasures not being legal tender... care for a dip, anyone?)
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The Qing Dynasty (CE 1644 - CE 1911)
Last Imperial Dynasty of China
(The above is an engraving of George Macartney (CE 1737 - CE 1806), the 1st Earl Macartney, an Irish born British citizen who became the first envoy of Britain to China in CE 1792. This was during the reign of the Qing Dynasty where China's foriegn trade flourished)
By the end of the 17th century under the Qing Dynasty, the Chinese economy began to heal from the war-torn days when the Ming Dynasty was overthrown. Order was restored and markets began to expand as in the late Ming period. Foreign trade was reestablished with the re-opening of the southeast coast which had been previously closed. At the height of the Qing Dynasty in the late18th century, China's economy had expanded sizeably. Strong exports of tea, silk and other manufactured goods resulted in a large, favorable trade balance with the West. The inflow of silver into the country further fueled economic growth.
Sadly though its military power weakened therefater. Faced by massive rebellions and defeats in wars, the Qing Dynasty declined after the mid-19th century. The Qing Dynasty was overthrown following the Xinhai Revolution, when Empress Dowager Longyu abdicated on behalf of the last emperor, Puyi, on February 12, 1912.
(Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynasty )
THE "DESARU" SHIPWRECK (CE 1830)
A Declining Demand for Decorative Chinese Ceramics?
The findings revealed something interesting; although there were high quality blue and white porcelain found on the ship, the quantity did not match those found on earlier shipwrecks like the Diana (CE 1817). Instead there were many large and crudely-potted storage jars found onboard. This may suggest that more practical objects were in higher demand than decorative objects or wares for fine dining.
At the time of the "Desaru" shipwreck, China, under the Qing Dynasty was probably still enjoying considerable affluence. But not for very long though. By the mid-19th century, her fortunes would be tragically reversed as she struggles with rebellion, civil unrest and external pressures.
MALAYA THEN: Closer to home in Malaya, the Anglo-Dutch Treaty (CE 1824) would have already been signed whereby under the treaty the British would give Bencoolen (in Sumatra) to the Dutch in exchange for Malacca. This marks the beginning of British rule in Malaya.
Video on Desaru Expedition
- Desaru Expedition
- Watch divers search The Desaru
THE "RANEE" SHIPWRECK (CE 1923)
Sultan's Marraige Outfit Lost At Sea
The picture here shows a glass window recovered from the "Ranee".
MALAYSIAN PEOPLE TODAY
Multi-racial, multi-cultured... AND LOVING IT !
I thought I might end with a picture of some happy faces cheering you for reading my short compilation of Malaysian shipwrecks. By the way, if you look closely at this photo, you'll see Malays, Chinese, Indians, and a mix of people in various combinations ...its puzzling isn't it? (I'm of ethnic Chinese origin with a slight shade of Malay in me, I think.)
That's what happens to places that are at the cross-roads of very different civilizations, I suppose. But I thank my ancestors for braving the perilous blue waters so that I may have a better life here.
New Guestbook Comments
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Tipi
Oct 27, 2011 @ 9:53 pm | delete
- What a treasure you are giving us here in this extraordinary first lens, fascinating and beautifully presented!
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ilovereno
Oct 29, 2011 @ 5:52 am | delete
- It's REALLY something when you receive such feedback from someone of your calibre. It makes you wanna write your second lens... urgggh..just wish I had the time! THANK YOU, TIPI!
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CPDInteractive
Oct 17, 2011 @ 5:21 am | delete
- Wow!
I like your lens, very useful and inspiring. thank you.
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ilovereno
Oct 17, 2011 @ 8:37 pm | delete
- Many thanks for your kind words CPDInteractive.... all the best!
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cffutah
Oct 11, 2011 @ 10:32 pm | delete
- great stuff indeed that you can find in our oceans, glad I browsed upon your lens tonight, gave you a 'thumbs up' too.
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by ilovereno
Hi! I'm a property negotiator, I love the outdoors, to paint, read non-fiction stuff , watch old classics and horror flicks, cook for friends and tell... more »
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