Skin therapy

DISCLAIMER:

These pages are presented solely as a source of INFORMATION and ENTERTAINMENT and to provide stern warnings against use where appropriate. No claims are made for the efficacy of any herb nor for any historical herbal treatment. In no way can the information provided here take the place of the standard, legal, medical practice of any country. Additionally, some of these plants are extremely toxic and should be used only by licensed professionals who have the means to process them properly into appropriate pharmaceuticals.

One final note:

Many plants were used for a wide range of illnesses in the past, but be aware that many of the historical uses have proven to be ineffective for the problems to which they were applied.

In the case of any and all alternative healing topics here (and anywhere else on the Internet), we strongly recommend your physician is aware of any methods you are applying. Alternative healing, holistic healing, homeopathic health care and all other related subjects should not be considered a replacement for a doctor's care but rather as a possible aid to such care.

If you are uncertain on the safety of using any information please be sure to consult your doctor prior to proceeding.

Rich in minerals, vitamins & protein. An excellent lubricant which is softening and revitalising to the skin. Sweet Almond is especially good for dry and irritated skins. Ideal for use on the face and body.

Unsaturated vegetable oils are carriers of important nutrients & vitamins. Blended together with essential oils they support the skin's ability to function - to breathe, and to absorb light - as well as regulate skin temperature. They also soften the skin & give it elasticity. Sweet Almond oil was used in ancient Rome to beautify the skin & treat injuries. It nourishes & pampers the skin, & has excellent penetrating properties. It can be used on its own or blended with essential oils.

The skin reflects the emotional state. Poor skin may indicate the level of stress, anxiety, lost love, spiritual crisis or any other problem. In these cases the oils can be used to reduce and soothe the underlying disharmony on the emotional, psychological or spiritual level. In traditional Chinese medicine the facial features and skin tissue are used as a diagnostic aid. Over the years, grief, depression, anxiety, fear, apathy as well as joy, laughter and contentment all leave their mark.

Moisturisers are particularly beneficial for people with dry skin who suffer from low sebum production. If the body is not able to produce an effective acid mantle which is a combination of sebum and perspiration, the skin will be unprotected causing moisture loss. Adding a topical moisturiser creates an artificial barrier that combines with sebum on the skin to retain the moisture.

Question:

I am fed up with my skin! The dryness and itchiness is unbearable, not to mention embarrassing. I feel as though I've tried every eczema product on the market. Is there anything available that will bring me relief?

Answer:

Clearly you are frustrated, and for good reason. Whether it's eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis or some other cause of itchy and angry skin, one thing is for sure; you are not alone.

Figures show that 1 in 3 Australasians will suffer with eczema sometime during their lives.

The problems you are experiencing are expressions of what your body is not coping with on a much deeper level. This is why bandaid solutions will never work. The key is to support the underlying organ system weakness responsible for producing your symptoms.

While most skin treatments only relieve symptoms, I prefer to recommend herbs that, based on traditional use, nourish and heal the skin from the inside out, addressing the root cause of irritation.

These herbs include:

Arctuim lappa - blood purifier; recommended for all skin disorders.

Angelica polymorpha - blood purifier; improves circulation' relieves stress.

Paeonia lactiflora - blood nourisher; anti-allergic; immune enhancing.

Rehmannia glutinosa - anti-inflammatory; relieves stress; anti-itch.

Schizonepeta tenuifolia - powerful skin detoxifier; anti-itch.

Siler divaricatum - anti-inflammatory; skin soother.

Astragalus membranaceus - anti-bacterial; anti-inflammatory; immune stimulating.

Polygonum multiflorum - blood tonifier.

Glycyrrhiza uralensis - improves circulation; anti-stress; anti-bacterial.

According to traditional Chinese medicine practices, these herbs work by cleansing, invigorating and nourishing the "Blood", stimulating circulation, moistening dryness and relieving itch.

They also have a tonifying action on the "Liver" and Kidneys" to revitalise skin, improve its texture and promote skin tone. The herbs also act to strengthen the skin's natural resistance to irritation and minor infection, which can be an issue with broken skin tissue.

In combination these herbs can be used to treat eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis and hives. They may also assist with healing acne, boils and skin sores, as well as improve the skin's texture and tone, addressing thickening, scaling and cracking.

You may also benefit from looking at your diet to identify foods which may exacerbate the problem, take steps to reduce stress levels if that is an issue for you and avoid contact with known irrantants such as creams and dertergents.

Did You Know?

The first toners were mostly made from rosewater because it softened the skin and had a fragrant scent.

Are toners worth the money or just one more product cosmetic companies want to sell you?

Obviousely companies want to sell you another product, but toners were around long before a skincare regime was invented back in the 1960's. In fact, they were probably much more popular hundreds of years ago then they are today.

But the basic reasons for using a toner haven't changed. We all want skin that feels soft, that looks clear and blemish-free, and we enjoy the clean, cooling feeling that comes with a toner. It's just that now we have a lot more choices and, like most beauty products, these days toners are also multi-taskers.

Why Toners Exist

Until just a few decades ago, people washed their faces with lye-based soap in hard water (water with lots of minerals in it because it was drawn from wells or came out of reservoirs, untreated with water softeners). If you're old enough to remember old-fashioned soaps you can probably also remember the fatty scum they left on the bathtub; they do the same thing on skin. When people washed their faces they could still feel the residue after they rinsed and the hard water was drying on the skin.

So someone came up with toner, a liquid you could rub over your skin to help remove the scummy feel of the soap, and to soften and moisturise the skin after the hard water. As the toner evaporated, it felt cool and refreshing.

Essential Ingredients

Early toners were mostly ade of rosewater because it softened skin and left it smelling fragrant and feeling fresh. Later, it was discovered that alcohol got rid of the soap fat more thoroughly and also helpted keep pimples under control, thanks to its drying effect.

The alcohol also preserved the toner and acted as an anti-bacterial on the skin. It felt cooling, bracing and invigorating. Is it any wonder peopled loved their astringents, or "skin tonics" as they called them years ago?

But times have changed. Modern soaps aren't scummy and, for most of us, there's no problem with hard water. So why use a toner?

The Right Toner for You:

Caution:

If you find a product irritating, stop using it immediately.

For Dry Skin:

If your skin is dry, chances are you use a creamy, oil-based cleanser to wash your face rather than a detergent-based product. Some creamy cleansers can leave a residue and toner helps remove it, but the main joy is the fresh feel and moisturising properites you can get with the right toner. Rosewater is still a favourite. The essential oil that is made from rose petals adds moisture and smells like heaven. Honey and bee products including royal jelly and propolis are anti-bacterial and hjealing and won't leave skin feeling sticky.

For Anti-ageing:

Many toners these days include anti-ageing ingredients such as exfoliators and anti-oxidants. An exfoliating ingredient in your toner is an easy way to keep dead skin cells in check and ensure your moisturiser is absorbed. The ingredients most comonly used are salicylic and fruit acids. Anti-oxidants such as green tea help to prevent free radical damage to your skin.

For Oily Or Acne-prone Skin:

Look for products containing salicylic acid, which gently exfoliates skin to keep pores clear, but be careful your skin doesn't feel too dry as this can exacerbate oil production and skin problems.

If you find a product irritating, stop using it immediately. Witch hazel, which is generaly made of a blend of alcohol and the bark of the witch hazel plant, is a traditional astringent. Also look for products containing rosehip and aloe for their healing effects.

DID YOU KNOW?

3 million Australians rarely or never use sun protection!

Don't beceome a statistic this summer, here's how:

Summer is here. Barbecues are heating up. Bikinis are making their first appearance. Drinks are going on ice. It's time to get outside and enjoy the sunshine. So how are you going to treat your skin this summer? Are you going to be sun smart?

Every year, 1700 Australians die from skin cancer. Two-thirds of these deaths are men. While most skin-cancer deaths can be prevented through the use of sun protection and early detection, only one-quater of the opoulation use proper protection for their skin.

Throwing on a cap is not proper skin protection. Neither is puttong on some sunscreen after you have been swimming for a while.

The Cancer Council recommends a five-step approach for proper sun protection:

1. LONG-SLEEVE TOP: Keep as much skin covered as possible.

2. BROAD-BRIMMED HAT: Protect your ears and neck from the sun, as well as your face, and always opt for a broad-brimmed hat.

3. SUNSCREEN: Choose one that is broad sprectrum and water resistant. Put it on 20 minutes before you go outdoors and re-apply every 2 hours if you are outside.

4. SUNGLASSES: Make sure they meet Australian standards and don't forget to get your kids to wear them too.

5. SEEK SHADE: While shade doesn't offer full protection, it does cut down the strength of the sun.

KNOW YOUR SKIN:

There are 3 types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma (BCC); squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and Melanoma. BCC appears as a lump or scaling area and is red, pale and pearly in colour. SCC is a thickened, red, scaly spot which may bleed easily or ulcerate.

Melanoma is the most serious form of skin cancer. Melanoma appears as a new spot, or an existing spot, freckle or mole that changes colour, size or shape. It usually has an irregular or smudgy outline and is more than one colour. Melanomas grow over weeks to months, and they can grow anywhere on the body.

It is estimated that 95% of melanomas in Australia are caused by exposure to harmful UV radiation in sunlight. And if you think that you need to be in the sun all day, every day, to be at risk, you are wrong. Melanoma is most strongly related to intermittent sun exposure, the kind of exposure you experience at the weekend or on holiday.

PROTECT YOUR KIDS:

Dermatologist Dr. Phillip Artemi says he is not surprised by these statistics. "The number of people I see who haven't used proper sun protection is alarming," he says.

He also wants to remind parents to make sure their kids always have adquate sun protection as "80% of sun exposure happens in the first 20 years of life."

Melanoma can occur at a young age and is the most diagnosed cancer in 15 to 44 year olds.

Frank Raynolds, 27, from Sydney, recently had a melanoma removed. He is in the army and spends a lot of time outdoors. He always wore a hat but didn't always use sunscreen.

"A friend kept teasing me about a spot I had on my cheek," Raynolds says. "Eventually I got it checked out and found out it was melanoma. I had to get the cancer cut out as well as a lymph node. The experience has made me more aware of my skin. Now as soon as I notice any changes I get them checked out."

Reference: www.cancer.org.au

The skin is made up of three layers, each with its own important parts. The layer on the outside is called the epidermis (say: eh-pih-dur-mis). The epidermis is the part of your skin you can see.

Look down at your hands for a minute. Even though you can't see anything happening, your epidermis is hard at work. At the bottom of the epidermis, new skin cells are forming.

When the cells are ready, they start moving toward the top of your epidermis. This trip takes about 2 weeks to a month. As newer cells continue to move up, older cells near the top die and rise to the surface of your skin. What you see on your hands (and everywhere else on your body) are really dead skin cells.

Bye-Bye Skin Cells

These old cells are tough and strong, just right for covering your body and protecting it. But they only stick around for a little while. Soon, they'll flake off. Though you can't see it happening, every minute of the day we lose about 30,000 to 40,000 dead skin cells off the surface of our skin.

So just in the time it took you to read this far, you've probably lost about 40,000 cells. That's almost 9 pounds (4 kilograms) of cells every year! But don't think your skin might wear out someday. Your epidermis is always making new skin cells that rise to the top to replace the old ones. Most of the cells in your epidermis (95%) work to make new skin cells.

And what about the other 5%? They make a substance called melanin (say: mel-uh-nun). Melanin gives skin its color. The darker your skin is, the more melanin you have. When you go out into the sun, these cells make extra melanin to protect you from getting burned by the sun's ultraviolet, or UV, rays.

That's why your skin gets tan if you spend a lot of time in the sun. But even though melanin is mighty, it can't shield you all by itself. You'll want to wear sunscreen and protective clothing, such as a hat, to prevent painful sunburns. Protecting your skin now also can help prevent skin cancer when you get older.

The Dermis Is Under the Epidermis

The next layer down is the dermis (say: dur-mis). You can't see your dermis because it's hidden under your epidermis. The dermis contains nerve endings, blood vessels, oil glands, and sweat glands. It also contains collagen and elastin, which are tough and stretchy.

The nerve endings in your dermis tell you how things feel when you touch them. They work with your brain and nervous system, so that your brain gets the message about what you're touching. Is it the soft fur of a cat or the rough surface of your skateboard?

Sometimes what you feel is dangerous, so the nerve endings work with your muscles to keep you from getting hurt. If you touch something hot, the nerve endings in your dermis respond right away: "Ouch! That's hot!" The nerves quickly send this message to the brain or spinal cord, which then immediately commands the muscles to take your hand away. This all happens in a split second, without you ever thinking about it.

Dermis=Lots of Blood Vessels

Your dermis is also full of tiny blood vessels. These keep your skin cells healthy by bringing them the oxygen and nutrients they need and by taking away waste. These blood vessels are hard to see in kids, but you might get a better look if you check out your grandparents' skin. As the dermis gets older, it gets thinner and easier to see through.

The dermis is home to the oil glands, too. These are also called sebaceous (say: sih-bay-shus) glands, and they are always producing sebum (say: see-bum). Sebum is your skin's own natural oil. It rises to the surface of your epidermis to keep your skin lubricated and protected. It also makes your skin waterproof - as long as sebum's on the scene, your skin won't absorb water and get soggy.

You also have sweat glands on your epidermis. Even though you can't feel it, you actually sweat a tiny bit all the time. The sweat comes up through pores (say: pors), tiny holes in the skin that allow it to escape. When the sebum meets the sweat, they form a protective film that's a bit sticky.

An easy way to see this film in action is to pick up a pin with your fingers. Then wash your hands well with soap and water and dry them off completely. Now try to pick up that pin again. It won't be so easy because your sticky layer is gone! Don't worry - it will be back soon, as your sebaceous and sweat glands create more sticky stuff.
The Third Layer Is Subcutaneous Fat

The third and bottom layer of the skin is called the subcutaneous (say: sub-kyoo-tay-nee-us) layer. It is made mostly of fat and helps your body stay warm and absorb shocks, like if you bang into something or fall down. The subcutaneous layer also helps hold your skin to all the tissues underneath it.

This layer is where you'll find the start of hair, too. Each hair on your body grows out of a tiny tube in the skin called a follicle (say: fah-lih-kul). Every follicle has its roots way down in the subcutaneous layer and continues up through the dermis.

You have hair follicles all over your body, except on your lips, the palms of your hands, and the soles of your feet. And you have more hair follicles in some places than in others - there are more than 100,000 follicles on your head alone!

Your hair follicles rely on your sebaceous glands to bring on the shine. Connected to each follicle in the dermis layer is a tiny sebaceous gland that releases sebum onto the hair. This lightly coats the hair with oil, giving it some shine and a little waterproofing.

Skin Can Warm and Cool You

Your skin can help if you're feeling too hot or too cold. Your blood vessels, hair, and sweat glands cooperate to keep your body at just the right temperature. If you were to run around in the heat, you could get overheated. If you play outside when it's cold, your inner temperature could drop. Either way, your skin can help.

Your body is pretty smart. It knows how to keep your temperature right around 98.6° Fahrenheit (37° Celsius) to keep you and your cells healthy. Your skin can respond to messages sent out by your hypothalamus (say: hy-po-thal-uh-mus), the brain's inner thermometer. If you've been running around on a hot day, your blood vessels get the signal from the hypothalamus to release some of your body's heat. They do this by bringing warm blood closer to the surface of your skin. That's why you sometimes get a red face when you run around.

To cool you down, sweat glands also swing into action by making lots of sweat to release body heat into the air. The hotter you are, the more sweat your glands make! Once the sweat hits the air, it evaporates (this means that it changes from a liquid to a vapor) off your skin, and you cool down.

What about when you're ice-skating or sledding? When you're cold, your blood vessels keep your body from losing heat by narrowing as much as possible and keeping the warm blood away from the skin's surface. You might notice tiny bumps on your skin. Most kids call these goosebumps, but the fancy name for them is the pilomotor (say: py-lo-mo-ter) reflex. The reflex makes special tiny muscles called the erector pili (say: ee-rek-tur pie-lie) muscles pull on your hairs so they stand up very straight.

Keep It Clean!

Unlike other organs (like your lungs, heart, and brain), your skin likes a good washing. When you wash your skin, use water and a mild soap. And don't forget to cover scrapes and cuts with gauze or a bandage. This keeps the dirt out and helps prevent infections. It's just one way to be kind to the skin you're in!

Did You Know?

Crash diets may help you shed a kilo or two in the short term, but in the long term can result in sagging skin, wrinkles and stretch marks. Often short in essential fatty acids and vitamins, crash diets can not only damage your internal systems, but instantly add age and damage to your skin.

A sensible diet rich in nutrients allows you to keep your weight in check whilst boosting your skin from within.

Beautiful skin starts from within.

Save your pennies; the key to beautiful, youthful, full-of-life skin starts as much with the contents of the kitchen as it does with the lotions and potions in the bathroom.

By ensuring our diet is rich in nutrients and essential fatty acids, experts believe we can revitalise and refresh our biggest organ, allowing you to truly begin to love the skin you're in.

What do Elle Macpherson, Natalie Imbruglia, Sarah Murdoch and Cate Blanchett all have in common? Aside from considerable bank balances and a top spot on our most successful exports list, these women all boast glowing skin.

But is it simply a case of being blessed with good genes, or does it reflect more on a lifestyle where exercise features daily and where the menu is packed with nutrient-rich foods?

According to Melina Zanetti, naturopath, nutritionist and founder of the wellness clinic, LifeLiveitLovit, loving the skin you're in starts with daily exercise and a diet rich in vegetables, fruit, nuts, cereals and natural foods.

The Right Mix:

"When it comes to creating skin that you can show off, diet and exercise is key. You really are what you eat," suggests Zanetti. "With all of us leading such busy lifestyles, it's easy to forget that your body is a machine; if you put in the wrong types of fuel it just won't function correctly."

Like any other organ,skin requires the right mix of essential nutrients, water and a healthy dose of exercise to perform its duties at optimum capacity. Egg yolks, legumes, soybeans and avocadoes are great as they all contain biotin. A lack of biotin in the body can lead to dry skin or dermatitis of the face and scalp.

Ward Off Wrinkles:

In order to ward off wrinkles, Zanetti suggests eating salmon, which helps improve elasticity and is loaded with the good fat, DHA, which makes skin look younger and healthier.

Other super skin foods include green tea, a powerful source of antioxidants, and pomegranates, which help produce more collagen and elastic, keeping the skin youthful.

Move It:

In addition to eating well, a healthy dose of exercise may aid in transforming sallow, lacklustre and tired skin into an organ that is plump, youthful and fresh. By injecting a small amount of cardiovascular exercise, such as a walk, swim or cycle, into your routine (three times a week minimum) you cause your heart and lungs to pump oxygen-rich blood around the body.

After the initial "blushing" look or red face, you're left with skin that's soft, healthy and glowing from the dose of oxygen-rich blood.

It's In Your Head:

We all know that a healthy body responds to a healthy mind. Whilst diet and exercise play a key role in attaining skin you can be proud of, taking a few minutes out of your day to reflect on your mental state can calso work wonders.

Whether it's enjoying a quiet moment when sitting in traffic, listening to favourite songs before falling asleep or soaking in a long bath in the evening, taking time out for ourselves is essential in creating lasting lifestyle changes and relieving the body and mind of external pressures and stressors.

Beauty truly does come from within. By making a few small changes to your diet and injecting a little exercise into your day, you'll be well on your way to making life-lengthening alterations that not only make you feel amazing on the inside, but give you a real glow on the outside.

Feed Your Skin:

Want to plump up your skin and expose your natural beauty? Start by packing your diet with vitamins and essential fatty acids. With just a few small changes to your diet, you'll be looking fresh and full of life in no time.

Vitamin A - found in carrots, oily fish, egg yolks, broccoli, rockmelon, sweet potato, cod liver oil, pumpkin, mango, papaya - benefits - may protect against sun damage; helps keep skin moist; contains antioxidants for a youthful appearance.

Vitamin B - found in cheese, milk, almonds, mushrooms, green vegies, natural yoghurt - benefits - allows skin to retain moisture, causing smoother skin that's less flaky-dry.

Vitamin C - found in berries, capsicum, spinach, cabbage, broccoli, citrus fruits - benefits - encourages growth of collagen; softens and moisturises skin; helps remove wrinkles.

Vitamin E - found in almonds, hazelnuts, dark green leafy vegies - benefits - helps with skin inflammation and acne; repairs dry and rough skin.

Flaxseed - found in ground flaxseeds, flaxseed oil - benefits - helps healing of scars and skin abrasions; is packed with essential fatty acids and vitamin E.

Essential Fatty Acids - found in soy beans, salmon, walnuts, fish oil - benefits - helps reduce acne and cellulite; adds softness to skin.

Zinc - found in eggs, wholegrain cereals, brown rice, seeds, dark leafy green vegies - benefits - improves skin conditions such as acne and eczema.

The skin acts as a window into our internal health.

Skin conditions, such as acne, pimples, or eczema are indications that nutrients and toxins are not being properly processed by the internal organs.

Cooked fats, dairy products, and other toxic substances may be overwhelming the liver.

If the body cannot release toxins through regular channels, it will attempt to expel them through the skin.

Additionally, excess mucus in the digestive tract may be preventing vital nutrients from getting to the skin.

Improving skin health and beauty can be tackled from within, by choosing foods that are nutritious and cleansing, and from without, by applying natural cold-pressed oils topically.

Commercial soaps and moisturizers may offer the appearance of immediate results, but over the long-term, they damage the skin as they deliver rancid oils and chemicals directly to your pores.

Ideally, you should not put anything on your skin that you wouldn't eat.

Other factors damaging to skin health include dehydration, smoking, hard tap water, and exposure to weather extremes.

Don't over-expose you skin to sun, but do try to get at least 30 minutes of sunlight per day.

You may also want to look into dry skin brushing to remove dead cells.

Beneficial Foods

Aloe Vera:

The inner gel is an ideal topical treatment for burns, cuts, and dry skin. Rub onto face and let sit for 30 minutes to tighten the skin. Can be eaten or applied topically to fight inflammation.

Apples:

Prevent wrinkles.

Black Olives:

Erase fine lines and wrinkles. Smooth the skin.

Broccoli:

Helps to repair sun-damaged skin.

Burdock Root:

Alleviates rashes, acne, abscesses, eczema, psoriasis, and skin infections. Is an anti-inflammatory.

Cherimoya:

Helps increase the elasticity, firmness, and suppleness of the skin.

Coconut Oil:

An excellent gentle moisturizer for the face and body. Restores sagging and damaged skin, increases blood flow to the skin, lightens stretch marks. Treats dry skin and some forms of psoriasis that are caused by fungus. Use topically and internally.

Cucumbers:

The silica and high water content help improve complexion, add a healthy glow, and hydrate the skin. Use juice or slices topically to treat sunburn, swelling, and dermatitis.

Grapefruit:

Raw grapefruit contains the skin cleansing enzyme, bromelain. Try rubbing the inside of the peel against your face after eating (Eating For Beauty, by David Wolfe).

Hemp:

Protects skin from sun damage.

Horsetail:

Helps wounds heal.

Hot Peppers:

The capsaicin in hot peppers counteracts inflammation and premature aging of the skin.

Macadamia Nuts:

Hydrate the skin and repair burned and damaged skin.

Mango:

Eating the fruit helps relieve clogged pores.

Nettles:

Relieve chronic skin conditions, such as eczema.

Olive Oil:

Can be used as a skin softener and soother for dry or damaged skin. Safe for babies. Rub into affected areas and allow to sit for at least 20 minutes.

Papaya:

Extremely cleansing internally, and therefore helps clear up skin ailments. Rubbing partially ripe papayas on the skin softens and dissolves dead skin, repairs skin damage and wrinkles, lightens freckles, and clears the complexion. Avoid the eyes.

Radishes:

Bring a "glow" to the skin.

Stevia:

Can be applied topically to soften and tighten the skin and smooth wrinkles. May be applied directly to blemishes, acne outbreaks, or mouth sores.

Strawberries:

Used topically in traditional medicine to treat burns and other skin irritations due to their astringent and anti-inflammatory properties. Used topically by the ancient Egyptians to treat acne.

Tomatoes:

A new study has shown that cooked tomatoes help guard against sunburn, wrinkles, and even skin cancer, by protecting the skin from UV rays.

Turmeric:

Brings color and softness to the skin. Fights against pimples, acne, boils, dryness, and other chronic skin maladies. Helps wounds heal faster. Has strong anti-inflammatory properties.

Watercress:

Helps to heal chronic pimples, acne, and eczema. Natural internal skin cleanser and antiseptic.

Beneficial Nutrients

Chlorophyll:

Helps sores and wounds heal faster and fights bacteria.

Fats:

Raw fats, including cold-pressed oils, help to beautify the skin. Eaten to excess, they can cause pimples.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids:

A deficiency can cause dry itchy skin.

Omega-6 Fatty Acids:

Relieves acne, rosacea, psoriasis, and eczema.

Silicon:

Improves wrinkled and aging skin.

Sulfur:

Helps heal rashes, wounds, and scars. Can heal acne when eaten or used in a topical cream. Makes skin shiny and radiant.

Vitamin A:

Protects skin against sun damage and acne. Reverses signs of aging. A deficiency can cause a goose bump appearance on the skin. May cause skin to turn orange or yellow in some individuals.

Vitamin B2/Riboflavin:

A deficiency may cause sores and cracks on the lips, scaly skin, or severe dermatitis.

Vitamin B3/Niacin:

Works with other B vitamins to maintain healthy skin. A deficiency can lead to skin infections. An overdose can cause an itchy rash known as "niacin flush."

Vitamin B5/Pantothetic Acid:

Helps wounds heal faster and strengthens scar tissue. Can be used topically or orally.

Vitamin C:

Supports the production of collagen. Promotes supple, glowing skin. Deficiencies in vitamin C can cause easy bruising.

Vitamin E:

Erases fine lines and wrinkles. Helps retain moisture thereby preventing dryness, itching, and chapping. Protects against ultraviolet rays. Speeds up wound healing. Beneficial when used topically or when eaten in foods.

Zinc:

Prevents and treats acne, warts, wrinkling, stretch marks, and aging. Helps heal burns and wounds.

Freshen up your daily regimen - and embrace the skin you're in.

Are your soaps and lotions doing your skin any favours, or are they robbing it of the natural oils and moisture it needs?

Like most people, you're probably using the same old shower products you've been buying for years. But there's now a huge range of body-washing goodies available, so maybe it's time to move on.

SOAK UP A SKINFUL:

If going straight from your cosy bed to a warm shower means you don't spend time thinking about your beauty routine, you could be doing more harm than good. Winter is a good time to check the products you're using to keep your skin clean.

While you're reviewing your body-care routine, think beyond the cleaning stage and check out your options for a sensuous after-shower care regimen to ensure your skin stays soft and well moisturised.

WHICH IS BEST?

Whether you use a bar of soap or a liquid soap - such as a body wash or shower gel - it's all about personal preference. Which is the best option for you?

* The growing trend for liquid soap these days is due to them being so easy to use, hygienic and milder on the skin. Just squirt a dollop on a sponge or washcloth, lather up and away you go. Your skiin will be left feeling beautifully soft, and if you;re prone to dryness or irritation, switching to a body wash is likely to help relieve that sensation.

* Trusty old bar soap, on the other hand, is the first thing you should reach for if you need a serious scrub-down after doing a messy job or working in the garden. But, thankfully, besides the houshold soaps that have been around for years, there are gentler varieties that are ideal for sensitive and delicate skin.

* Natural soaps, which have fewer - or no - harsh ingredients, are kind for the earth and gentle on your skin. One of the big ticks for soaps is that they're a clear winner in terms of caring for the environment, thanks to their more minimalist packinging.

So, next time you're shower-time shoipping, take a minute to re-think your options. If you're a soap devotee, steer clear of the strong stuff, unless you have tough jobs at hand. And as for the liquid alternatives, you can choose to enter the world of uplifting, fragrant body washes, opt for one with added moisturising properties or choose a blend that has germ fighting in its sights.

But no matter which way you choose to go, it makes sense to ensure that the end result is happy, healthy skin.

WHAT TO WEAR?

As for what to wear on your skin - in terms of what product you slip on after your shower - there are various options to choose from.

* The important thing to remember is that you should always apply a moisturiser or lotion of some sort. If you don't, you're leaving your skin completely vulnerable to environmental factors that can take their toll. If you need motivation, think of the time you spend applying a body product as the perfect opportunity to nurture yourself with a short-and-sweet massage.

* When it comes to deciding what you should use, it depends entirely on what appeals to you and suits your personal needs. For example, you may want an all-over nourishing cream or a product that addresses a specific problem, such as cellulite, or skin sensitivity or firmness.

* There are also many diviine creams with sensational fragrances available to choose from. Not only are they an absolute pleasure for your skin, they'll delight the rest of your senses as well.

MONEY SAVING TIP:

Think laterally when you shop for skin-care products. A check of five locations (a chemist, discount chemist, two supermarkets and a discount cosmetics chain) for the same product revealed a range of $7.43 to $11.50. That's a significant difference of 50% from cheapest to dearest - or the price of a welcome cup of coffee!

Remember how deliciously soft a baby's skin feels? Well, if your skin is now more like a baby crocodile's, then it's time to take action. Soft-as-silk skin is within your grasp, with the help of a good exfoliating scrub.

Unlike a snake that slides out of its old skin when it's time for a new one, your skin is constantly in the process of shedding. About every 30 days your skin is renewed as the old cells, which have risen to the surface, are rubbed off thanks to your clothing and daily activities. But even though this process is happening from head to toe and parts of your body continue to feel lovely and smooth, skin on other areas needs a little help to shed and maintain its softness.

Why Your Skin Gets Rough:

If you feel the inside of your upper arms you'll find the skin is baby soft. This is largely because it's not exposed to the sun's damaging UV rays - whereas your hands, for example, are constantly being exposed to detergents, drying soaps and the elements. Considering what your skin has to deal with on a daily basis, a little care from time to time doesn't go astray to even out the rough spots. Yes, a body moisturiser will help keep skin hydrated, but if you want to have rally silky skin, a body scrub is the way to go. Using an exfoliating scrub only takes a few minutes once or twice a week and will leave your skin feeling so good you'll want to caress it.

The Scrub Basics:

* Be gentle on your skin when you use a scrub. If you scrub too hard your skin may feel soft afterwards, but it will also be traumatised and become tougher over time. The aim is to lift and remove the build-up of tiny dead skin cells. So, apart from applying slight pressure to your feet, which can have a thicker build-up of skin, you don't need to apply any pressure at all to other areas - moving the scrub over your skin is enough for the granules to do thier job. Always add water to a scrub if it isn't fluid enough to easily move over your skin.

* Avoid scrubs with roughly ground or scratchy granules in them. Because your aim is to remove the build-up of surface skin cells, you only need gentle exfoliating agents. Ground nuts, for example, may be natural, but they have sharp edges that are potentially very damaging to your skin, especially if you're heavy handed. Also be careful of granules that are very fine. Because they're hard to feel under your fingers, you may feel the need to press harder, which can also damage your skin.

Five reasons You Should Become A Smooth Operator:

1. Your skin will feel smoother and look revitalised. The most immediate benefit of exfoliating is the improved texture of your skin, as removing the build-up of the skin's dead surface cells reveals fresher, healthier skin.

2. Scrubbing clears the way for treatments and moisturisers, as they're absorbed more efficiently into the skin after you've exfoliated - you'll need more product to achieve similar results if there's a barrier of surface dryness.

3. Your superficial circulation will improve. The mechanical action of your hand lightly working the grainy product over your skin's surface incrased the flow of blood through the fine vessels. This brings more vital oxygen and nourishment to your skin cells.

4. Using a body scrub promotes lymphatic drainage. Your lymphatic system lies just under the surfact of your skin and needs muscle movement or massage to help it flow. Combine your body scrubbing with a DIY lymphatic drainage by starting at your feet and moving upwards as you exfoliate.

5. Scrubbing paves the way for becoming a bronzed goddess. Before you apply a fake tan, and in between tanning, you need to remove all surface dryness so you get an even colour. Pay particular attention to rough spots such as your knees, toes and elbows.

Scrub away rough, dry summer skin for baby smoothness.

Pamper your body this season to avoid skin dehydration and dry, scaly patches.

If you don't have a pot or tube of body scrub ready to go, head to your kitchen and mix up a batch. The few ingredients you'll need are all staples, so you'll be able to slough away any dryness in a matter of minutes.

Invigorating Body Scrub:

Combine 1 cup sea salt, 1/2 (half) cup olive oil and juice of 1/2 (half) lemon in a glass bowl. Use immediately.

Tips:

Substitute the salt for white or raw sugar if you have broken or sensitive skin. And to make a more relaxing body scrub, replace the lemon juice with 10 drops of lavender essential oil.

How To Use Your Body Scrub:

Stand under your running shower to wet your skin, then lather up with a body wash or soap and rinse off. Turn off the water and, using your fingers, scoop out about a tablespoonful of scrub. Starting at your feet, gently massage it over your skin in a circular motion, gradually working up your body. Do your feet and ankles, then your legs and torso, scooping out more scrub as needed. Then massage up and over your arms and shoulders. When you're all scrubbed up, turn the water back on and rinse your skin well. Dry off and apply a body moisturiser to keep your smooth skin soft.

Most body odour is caused by bacteria on the skin that feed and grow when we sweat.

These bacteria thrive on oils, sugars, and toxins that are excreted in our sweat.

Odour-causing bacteria can be addressed both externally and internally.

Bathing discourages bacterial growth and, along with topical remedies, helps on a day to day basis.

Internally, it is important to avoid foods which feed this bacteria, and to eat foods that help maintain healthy organs and eliminate toxins.

Antiperspirants may help temporarily, but they prevent the body from eliminating toxins by blocking the sweat glands.

Antiperspirants that contain aluminum have been linked to Alzheimer's disease.

Beneficial Foods

Apple Cider Vinegar:

Can be applied topically to underarms. Changes the pH of the skin to discourage the growth of bacteria that causes odor.

Celery:

Fights odour by eliminating internal toxins.

Coconut Oil:

Use under arms like a deodorant. The natural coconut smell and antibacterial qualities will help prevent bad odors.

Grasses:

Grass juices or juice powders cleanse toxins that cause body odour from the system.

Leafy Greens - General:

Blended or chewed well, leafy greens cleanse the system of toxins that cause body odour.

Parsley:

Fights odour by eliminating internal toxins.

Beneficial Nutrients

Chlorophyll:

Helps eliminate body odour.

Magnesium:

A deficiency can contribute to body odour.

Zinc:

A deficiency can contribute to body odour.

Question: Who can experience dry skin?

Answer: Dry skin is very common and anyone can experience it. The sensation of dryness occurs when the skin's natural moisturisers and oils are reduced by age, washing with harsh alkaline soaps and detergents and environmental conditions. Dry skin feels tight, itchy, uncomfortable and is more easily irritated. For most people, the first area that dries out are the hands because they are usually more exposed to the elements and irritants than other parts of the body.

Question: Why is it worse during winter?

Answer: In winter when the weather turns cold, it's tempting to spend longer in the shower and have the water hotter than usual. This can really dry out skin. In addition, many people forgo their regular body moisturiser so as to minimise the time spent in a cold bathroom. The lack of humidity during winter, and artificial heating in homes and offices, also combine to dry out the skin further.

Question: How often should you moisturise?

Answer: Moisturisers should be applied every daya to cleansed skin in the morning and if necessary, again at night. Applying immediately afater your bath or shower to slightly damp skin will ensure maximum hydration as this locks the moisture in. Most of us need a separate body and hand moisturiser during the colder months of the year, so it's best to start using them at the end of summer. Ideally hand moisturisers should be re-applied after washing the hands, but at the very least try to re-apply them two or three times during the day as well as in the morning and before bed.

Question: What should you look for in a moisturiser?

Answer: Look for products that offer long lasting hydration and contain moisture-binding ingredients at effective concentrations. This will ensure optimal hydration. Glycerin is an excellent ingredient to look for, as it holds and retains moisture. It is absorbed into the skin's surface, leaving the skin soft, smooth and moistured.

Four tips:

1. KEEP IT QUICK: Take short, tepid showers to maintain your skin's protective barfrier and natural oils.

2. PROTECT YOURSELF: Moisturising frequently with products containing glycerin will ensure the skin stays hydrated.

3. LOCK IT IN: Moisturising immediately after your shower will ensure moisture is locked in.

4. INSIDE OUT: Drinking plenty of water will also hjelp hydrate your skin from the inside out.

Washing your hands is an easy way to protect your immune system from viruses that make you sick, costing you money. As virologists know, hands, as well as lift buttons, doorhandles and any of the dozens of things we touch everu day, harbour germs. Besides washing hands with soap and warm water, carry a packet of antibacterial handy wipes in your bag and use them before you eat or drink.

See a podiatrist and you'll have all the rough 'n' tough skin on your feet and toes removed in a flash. They'll also give your feet the once over and guide you through any problem areas they discover. And if you've been limping along thanks to a nasty corn, it too can be removed painlessly. Make a habit of taking your well-deseerving tootsies to a podiatrist at least twice a year and they'll be much easier for you to maintain at home.

Benefits:

This wonder vitamin helps retain moisture in the skin and protects against UV radiation. In fact, you'll find this vitamin in many face creams.

In addition, this wonder vitamin helps you heal wounds and boosts your immunity. It also protects you against heart disease by reducing cholesterol and plaque build up inside your arteries. A rich souce of anti-oxidants that fight cell damage, studies suggest vitamin E may help relieve inflammatory conditions such as osteoarthritis.

How to get it:

Break open a vitamin E capsule and use it on your skin for super healing power. Also, snack on a handful of nuts, or eat poultry or wholegrain breads. You can also take a supplement, but watch the dose as too much vitamine E can be toxic to the liver.

Learn how to recognise what's going on with your skin year round and you'll have a better chance of keeping it in tip top condition.

Have you ever felt completely bamboozled when standing in front of rows of skincare products in a pharmacy or department store?

Or been at a cosmetic counter and wondered how on earth you're going to choose the right products?

Well, sat goodbye to all the confusion and try these winning tips for your skin.

The first step is to know your skin. Take a look at "What is your skin type", below, and you'll see which type you relate to by the all-too familiar characteristics. Your skin's type doesn't change, and using the fith products is a good way to keep it in a balanced and healthy condition. Skincare brands offer different products to meet the specific needs of your skin type - they will vary in key ingredients and their consistencies to ensure your skin is always kept in optimum condition.

What Is Your Skin Type?

Check out these four skin types to identify yours.

1. OILY SKIN: You have very visible pores, particularly on the forehead, nose, cheeks and chin areas, and your skin often has a shine by the end of the day.

2. COMBINATION SKIN: You have an oily T-zone (nose, chin and forehead area), but noticeably drier cheeks.

3. NORMAL SKIN: You rarely develop a shine and have a good balance of oil and moisture. Your skin stays soft and usually doesn't have any distinct dry areas.

4. DRY SKIN: You may have small pores and your skin feels tight and thirsty most of the time due to a lack of natural moisture. Your skin can feel irritated if you don't use a moisturiser.

Know what affects your skin condition:

Both internal and external factors can impact on the condition of your skin. External factors include your environment, the sun, pollution, temperature and the way you treat your skin. For example, your skin may go from feeling fine to being oily when the weather heats up. Or, if you're too aggressive with your skin, it will toughen up in defence. Humidity affects your skin, too - when humidity is very low, moisture is drawn from your skin, making it drier, and when it's high, your skini feels fine. Another seasonal factor is cold weather.

When your body is trying to maintain its warmth, your extremities, including your face, have poorer circulation and your skin becomes drier.

And then there are the internal factors, which revolve around your general lifestyle. For example, if you don't eat well it will be written all over your face, so to speak - your skin will look dull, blotchy and tired. Or, if you're feeling very stressed, your skin is likely to become irritated and sensitised. Your skin might even appear to react to your usual products, but this is because your skin's tolerance to ingredients is reduced as a result of your stress. So think of your skin as your external nervous system - it's one way your body alerts you to what's happening on the inside. If your skin has become extra sensitive, then it's definitely time to make a few lifestyle changes.

Restore your skin's balance:

When your skin's condition changes due to internal or external factors, you may need to use alternative skincare to restore its balance., For example, if your skin is very dehydrated you might need to use a more intense moisturiser. Or you might need to stop having very hot showers and eat better. Look for the words sensitised, congested or dehydrated on the labels of products to find the best ones to use for your present skin condition.

Your skin feels dry:

If you have a dry skin on your face or body it means your skin is lacking natural oil and is having trouble holding onto vital moisture. A diet rich in healthy oils - such as omega-3s - will help from the inside, and skin products full of nourishing ingreditents will preserve integrity on the ouside. In winter, even 'normal' skin needs richer crams to reduce the external impact of the cold.

Your skin feel oily\congested:

If you have oily skin, use refeshing, oil-free producgts so it appears matt. Use products that reduce oil flow, fight b acteria and contain active ingredients that help unclog pores.

Your skin feels sensitised\irritated:

If your skin is warm itchy, irritated or uncomforable after applying moisturiser - even your usual produce - change to a sensitive-skin, fragrance-free lotion with soothing ingredients.

Corrective Action:

Once you've recognised changes in your skin's condition, you can take corrective steps to restore its balance. Check the tips below to identify problems and causes and the steps you can take.

1. DRY CONDITION: (Lacking moisture) Possible Causes: Bathing in hot water; hot and dry environments; excessive perspiration; illness. Corrective Measures: Bathe in lukewarm water; eat a diet rich in fresh foods, including seeds and fish; apply a hydrating lotion daily.

2. OILY CONDITION: (congested) Possible Causes: Dry, dead skin blocking oil and pores; not cleansing your face; diet lacking in good oils and enough water. Corrective Measures: Have a deep-cleansing facials to decongest pores; use an oil-free lotion to balance; drink more water.

3. SENSITISED CONDITIION: (irritated) Possible Causes: Prolonged periods of stress; aggressive treatment of skin, such as us8ing a strong face peel; poor diet. Correct Measures: Use products for sensitised or delicate skin; consult a skin therapist or naturopath.

Pore size matters:

If your skin has large pores, you can't do anhthing to change your skin's structure and alter the size of them. However you can help your pores appear smaller. The best way to do this is to keep your skin hydrated. Even if you have oily skin, still use a lotion or cream to stop your skin from becoming dehydrated. Also, stop using hot water on your face, as it can dry out your skin. The more hydrated your skin is, the softer it will be and the smaller your pores will look.

Give your skin ongoing TLC by adopting the right skincare for your skin type - You'll glow!

You'll look years younger and glow with vitality when you invest time in the wellbeing of your skin.

Does your skin need firming-up, moisturising, refining, softening or decongesting? Then a face mask could be just what you're looking for.

Whether or not you've inherited good skin, a clear, healthy complexion ultimately depends on the effectiveness of your beauty practices.

Facial masks are the unsung heroes of skin care, and using a mask on a regular basis will leave you with fresh, invigorated skin. You don't have to make an expensive trip to the salon to get these results - you can easily achieve the same dramatic effect at home, and it's the perfect excuse to spend 15 minutes relaxing in silence with your feet up.

GETTING IT RIGHT:

If you're one of the 5% of women who regularly go to a beauty salon, you'll have been exposed to the benefits of masks. You'll know how wonderful your skin feels afterwards and you'll have experienced how fabulous it is to lie back and enjoy the 10 or 15 minutes of beauty rest while the mask is doing its job. And now you can achieve the same effect at home.

There are lots of fabulous DIY masks available, whether you buy a professional-strength product from a beauty salon, head to a pharmacy or make your own. Ask a beauty therapist for advice if you're shopping in a salon so that you end up with the best one for your skin. And keep in mind that your skin condition changes throughout the year and at different stages of your life. The trick is to not always buy the same one. For the best results, use masks designed for your skin's precise needs at the time.

MASKING UP:

Facial masks should be left on your skin for 10 - 15 minutes unless, of course, the instructions tell you otherwise. Occasionally you'll come across a product that needs more or less time to perform its magic, so always check the directions. Another reason why you shouldn't skip reading the fine print is to check how close to your eyes you can go. If your mask is stimulating or has a deep cleansing action, for example, the delicate skin around your eyes can become irritated. A hydrating or soothing mask, on the other hand, is usually fine when applied all over your face, including around your eyes.

Masks are often in the form of a gel or cream that's washed off when the time is up, but there are some that have to be peeled off when they're dry. There are also masks that lie on the face as a sheet of soft material with cut-outs for your nose and eyes, and the ingredients are slowly released into the skin.

To fully maximise the results of the mask you've applied, you should always lie or sit back and relax for the entire duration. This isn't really a part of the average mask's instructions, but if you're in need of an excuse to chill out, stick to the above and enjoy!

MAKE YOUR OWN:

For a nourishing and softening treat using some of nature's finest ingredients, mas half a ripe avocado and mix it with an egg yolk, a tablespoon of plain full-cream yoghurt and a teaspoon of olive or avocado oil.

Use cool squeezed out tea bags or slices of cucumber on your eyes to reduce dark circles and puffiness.

Use Your fingertips or a soft pastry brush to smooth an even layer of product over your skin, avoiding the area up close to your eyes. Leave on for 15 minutes, then make sure it is completely removed with the help of a warm face cloth or sponge. Follow up with your normal day or night cream and enjoy the compliments you receive.

5 TYPES OF MASKS:

1. PURIFYING to reduce and preven breakouts by drawing out impurities and secretions that can build up and cause congestion.

2. HYDRATING to resotre the skin's softness, reduce lines and strengthen defences against the external elements.

3. SOOTHING to calm down sensitivities or irritations caused by external factors and stressors, or products.

4. REJUVENATING to stimulate the skin's regeneration and deliver powerful ingredients that boost the skin's firmness.

5. REFINING to brighten the complexion by sloughing off dead cells that make the skin look dull and lessen the benefits of other products.

Do you want to have great looking skin?

Yes, you can slow the ageing process.

Essential oils and their uses have been known to humankind for over 5,000 years.

The Egyptians used them for preserving their dead, the Romans used them for beauty and health and countless other civilisations knew their benefits.

Why don't we know more today?

Mostly because of cost.

Cosmetic companies love to market new products but have you noticed that these products contain mostly chemical copies (synthetics) of natural product ingredients.

It's far cheaper to try and copy nature but there will always be something missing.

And over time these chemicals can build up in our skin causing a number of conditions that impact on our health and cause premature ageing.

One of the best-kept secrets for fabulous, healthy skin is essential oils.

They have the ability to penetrate into the deep layers of the skin and affect the whole person - both physically and emotionally.

They add moisture, tighten, cleanse, detoxify, increase blood circulation, calm and support the body's functions.

Madame Marguerite Maury, a French biochemist, found that the use of essential oils in aromatherapy stimulated the reproduction of skin cells and restored the elasticity of muscle tissue, enabling the skin to remain healthy and comparatively unwrinkled.

And, the more you use essential oils the better your skin gets. Think of them as a treatment for the skin. And don't forget to massage them into your skin for added benefit.

It's not just your wardrobe that needs updating come winter - cooler weather also calls for a change to your beauty routine.

FACE:

Winter's harsh elements can leave your skin feeling dry and angry. Invest in products that moisturise and protect skin.

"The trick is to seal enough moisture into your skin to prevent dry and chapped skin, which happens when temperatures drop," says skincare specialist Ole Henriksen. "Just as you layer your clothes during winter, a little layering on your skin becomes necessary. Following your skin tonic, apply a thin layer of complexion oil."

And you should continue to use sunscreen during winter months. Wearing sunscreen is a must if you expect to be outdoors for any length of time.

Central heating can also take a toll on the delicate skin around your eyes, reducing its elasticity.

BODY:

Don't over-scrub or over-cleanse your body during winter, as this causes skin to take on a dry, sallow and lifeless look.

The best way to maintain smooth, hydrated skin is to use a soap-free shower gel. Keep water temperature down in the shower and bath, as this will help prevent your skin from being stripped of its natural oil.

Dry brush your skin with a natural bristle brush in upward strokes, before sinking into a bath with a few drips of bath oil. Exfoliate with either a loofah or body exfoliant, concentrating on dry areas - shins, feet, elbows and knees.

HANDS AND FEET:

As we mature, the skin of our hands loses its elasticity and becomes drier, so hand cream is a year round beauty must.

Winter is the time to begin looking after your hard-working hands and feet. Try an anti-ageing manicure that focuses on treating the skin with a paraffin mask, leaving hands feeling smooth and soft.

And don't forget your poor, neglected feet hidden under socks and pantyhose.

Soothe tired feet and banish cracked heels with a fortnightly pedicure. Rub a thick foot cream into heels after showering and before bed. For added absorbency, slip on cotton socks.

Basil when used in low dilutions improves tone and appearance of skin.

For some people who have sensitive skin basil essential oil can cause burning or redness. A recommended dilution is two parts of basil essential oil mixed with 98 parts of a carrier oil like vegetable oil.

Skin Disorders:

Applied locally, basil juice is beneficial in the treatment of ringworm and other skin diseases. Some naturopaths have tried successfully in the treatment of leucoderma.

Skin Care:

The health benefits of lavender oil for the skin can be attributed to its antiseptic and antifungal properties. It is used to treat various skin disorders such as acne, wrinkles, psoriasis, and other inflammations. It heals wounds, cuts, burns, and sunburns rapidly as it aids in the formation of scar tissues. Lavender oil is added to chamomile to treat eczema.

Rose oil has excellent emollient, softening and hydrating properties which, accompanied by its stimulating and antiseptic qualities, make it ideal for all skin care, especially formature, dry or sensitive skin.

Rose oil has a tonic and astringent effect on the capillaries and can be used for the treatment of broken capillaries, redness and inflammation of the skin.

"There is no old age. There is, as there always was, just you" Carol Matthan, US actress.

The decision to reveal your decolletage or not is personal, but even if you prefer to be demure, it's still a part of you that deserves to be well and truly pampered. This is especially true if you're like the majority of women and stop your beauty regimen at your chin and forget all about applying any products to the skin below. It's not surprising that the neck and chest often give away a woman's age years before the telltale signs show on her face. So if yours need a little TLC, follow these simple beautifying tips.

MEET YOUR DECOLLETAGE:

The skin on your chest is a little different to your face and the rest of your body. It's thinner with fewer fat cells and sebaceous glands. With age your skin's structure weakens - the sun, fluctuations in weight, as well as hormonal shifts and pregnancy, contribute to its general loss of firmness. The neck also loses elasticity early on as the muscles aren't attached to the bone structure. When you put these factors together, you can appreciate why your decolletage is much more prone to slackening and dryness. But, don't worry, therre are steps you can take.

PRESERVING POTIONS:

Neck and bust creams can help improve the appearance of slackening skin and lines on your decolletage. They may also help to strengthen your skin's resistance to movement and gravity. Anti-ageing face and body products are often used as alternatives, but they can be a little too active and may irritate your delicate skin.

When you apply a neck or decolletage product, don't massage over your thyroid, which is at the front of your throat under your Adam's apple. Use your fingertips to gently massage in an upward, circular motion, from the top of your breasts to your chin. For softer and smoother skin, lightly exfoliate your decolletage once a week. It will help your products to penetrate deeper and be more effective.

SLIP SLOP SLAP:

One of the most important things you can do for your decolletage is to apply a sunscreen. The sun is the biggest contributing factor to ageing skin, so it's essential you spare a thought for your neck. Even sitting in your car is potentially causing your skin damage. If you're usually the driver you may already notice that the right side of your neck has slightly more lines and discolouration than the lift side.

CIRCULATION SITUATION:

Go for a brisk walk on most days of the week and the condition of your decolletage will benefit. As your heart rate increases, blood circulates to your organs, including all the tiny surface vessels. This is necessary to deliver oxygen and nutrients plus remove waste from your skin's cells, therefore keepin g it in tiptop health. And steer clear of smoking, which inhibits circulation.

KEEP "AGE" FROM YOUR DECOLLETAGE:

The earlier you begin a regimen to improve and maintain the appearance of your decolletage, the better. About the age of 25 is a good time, as this is when the natural oils in your skin begin to wane and you start fighting gravity plus the depletion of collagen and elastin under your skin.

MORNING:

1. Wash your face and decolletage in lukewarm water with a gentle, soap-free face wash so it won't dry out your skin. This is particularly important as you get older.

2. Once a week, exfoliate your skin with a light scrub. Avoid harsh scrubs - they encourage dry skin build-up as your skin's cells turnover increases beyond which is normal. They can also irritate acne-prone skin.

3. Moisturise to increase and/or maintain your skin's level of hydration. Choose a moisturiser specific to your age lighter for younger skin and richer for older skin.

4. Apply a sunscreen - an SPF of 25 or above is vital.

EVENING:

1. Wash your face and decolletage as per the morning.

2. Moisturise with a richer night-time lotion. Visit experts at a beauty counter to find one that suits your skin type.

THE BIG REVEAL:

It was in European society during the Middle Agers that the decolletage evolved - it became fashionable for women to expose their neck. shoulders and part of their breasts.

During the mid 16th century, corsets were used to enhance women's cleavage, and by the 18th centure even pushed the breasts upwards. The debate about whether it was appropriate for women to show their breasts also grew.

By the early 1900's, dresses with V-shaped necklines became fashionable, but clergymen were still unhappy.

The result was, for a while anyway, that necklines became more restrained, and exposure of the legs was more fashionable.

During the 1960's, the neckline plunged again - changing social morals allowed a greater display of cleavage.

Today the term decolletage denotes an exposed neckline that includes the neck and upper shoulders, plus the area extending about two hand-widths below the base of the front of the neck.

60% reduction in the incidence of skin cancer has been associated with people who have high levels of selenium in their blood.

The immune-boosting trace mineral found in egg yolks, seafood, liver, mushrooms, onions, garlic and broccoli was linked to a decrease in the incidence of both sqamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma in research published in "Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention." - JB

Whether you're gardening, out for a walk or having lunch al fresco, there's a new way to face each day with sun protection.

Every time you're out in the sun without sunscreen, you're doing damage to your skin and your health.

Many suncreens for your face can also be used on your body, but not the other way around, so make sure you check the label on the bottle or tube.

When you apply sunscreen scan your body for new spots and dots. Ask a friend to check the hard-to-see areas once a month.

* Wear long sleeves, high necks, close-weave materials and, when in water, UV-resistant lycra.

* Every 2 hours apply an SPF30+ sunscreen that's broad spectrum and water resistant. A cream with a physical barrier (titanium dioxide or zinc) is best.

*Always wear a broad-brimmed hat. Your old faithful straw hat probably gives little protection, so find a better one.

* Purchase a pair of close-fitting wrap-around sunglasses that meet the Australian Standard As 1067,

*See your doctor if you notice any unusual changes in spots/moles.

* For more information, call the Cancer Council Helpline on 13 11 20.

Ultraviolet rays are composed of UVB and UVA, both of which can cause skin cancer and premature ageing.

UVB rays cause burns and superficial damage to the skin, while UVA rays penetrate deeper, irreversibly damaging the skin's structure.

Australia has one of the highest incidences of skin cancer in the world, at nearly four times the rates iin Canada, the USA and the UK.

UV RAYS - ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW:

* UVA = ageing, UVB = burning

* Both UVA and UVB rays can cause skin cancer

* UVA rays are the main contributors to premature ageing and wrinkling

* UVA and UVB rays are present all year round and can also get through windows

* A broad spectrum moisturiser with SPF 30+ will protect against both UVA and UVB

SUN EXPOSURE - THE FACTS:

FACT: 80% of premature skin ageing is due to UVA exposure.

FACT: Only 48% of women use a moisturiser with a SPF.

FACT: Two in three Australians will be diagnosed with skin cancer by the time they are 70.

FACT: The first signs of premature skin ageing may appear as early as 25 to 30 years old.

Summer is the time for enjoying the beach, barbecues and activities in the sun. But it's very wise to apply sunblock - as well as a hat, sunglasses and a long sleeved shirt or top - and don't forget to do a skin check at home each month.

Skin cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in Australia, and every year more than 430,000 people are treated for it. But thankfully, 95% of skin cancer is curable if found early, say experts at the Cancer Council.

So take care!

SCREEN SAVERS:

Applying an SPF30+ sunscreen when you're outdoors, and seeking shade during the hottest part of the day, is essential - 95 to 99% of skin cancers are caused by sun exposure. Another good habit to get into is checking your skin once a month at home to pick up any changes - and see your doctor as soon as possible if you find anything of concern. To help you have a better understanding of what you might find, read through these brief descriptions of common skin characteristics.

WHAT TO LOOK FOR:

Freckles are harmless but sunspots (actinic keratoses) and irregular moles (dysplastic naevi) can spell trouble. Sunspots have the potential to turn cancerous, although the probability is low, while dysplastic naevi can increase the risk of skin cancer.

Liver spots, which appear with age, are not sunspots and are not related to melanoma. Rather, sunspots are small scaly patches, that are white, red or brown in colour. They appear on areas of skin that are most frequently exposed to the sun such as the face, ears, neck, forearms and hands.

Dysplastic naevi are often notable by their number. Most people have between 10 and 40 normal moles - or naevi - on their body, but those with the troublesome type (about one in 10 people) can have more than 100.

LEARN YOUR ABCs:

Use the a-b-c-d-e method to tell if a mole or spot spells trouble.

A = asymmetry. It doesn't look the same on both sides.

B = border. It has a blurry edge.

C = colour. It has more than one colour or has changed colour.

D = diameter. It's wider than 6mm.

E = elevation. It's raised and uneven.

Be on the lookout for crusty sores that don't heal, small lumps that are red, pale or pearly in colour, new spots, freckles or any moles changing in colour, thickness or shape over a period of weeks to months - especially from dark brown to black, red or blue-black.

SPECIALIST CARE:

If you do find an unusual spot, don't panic, see a specialised skin cancer clinic or your GP. You may be referred to a skin specialist or one of 400 skin clinics around Australia that have a new, hi-tech diagnostic machine called the MoleMax. This machine allows a much better view of lesions under magification and polarised light. You still need someone skilled performing the examination, but they are a great improvement on the naked eye.

Nothing is foolproof, so combine technology with medical expertise and self-checking to play it safe.

Hats and glasses keep you sun-safe and looking glam.

Apply Sunscreen at least 20 minutes before sun exposure.

Water is reflective and can cause your to burn more easily.

There's more to skincare than lotions and potions, and it's not just about looks. What you're in danger of discovering, guys, is that when your skin is looked after it will actually feel more comfortable to be in.

PLEASURES OF THE FLESH:

Both men and women need to pay attention to and take care of their skin.

Air-conditioning, sun and wind all take their toll, and prolonged periods of stress can also have an effect. If your skin is irritable, it's a sure sign there has been lots going down.

So guys, there is no doubt you could benefit from indulging in regular skincaare. But it's not just maintenance - there's a feelgood factor, too.

Men who are yet to experience the pleasure a little pampering can bring should do so now. Even a moment or two of self-care each day will add to your sense of wellbeing, and it can be as easy as using an aftershave balm to soothe your skin. Here's a selection of great new products, and a few guidelines on how to use them. There are even a couple you can share with a female bathroom dweller - but only if you want to!

So tell her to clear space in the bathroom cabinet - here's your guy's guid to indulging number one.

ENTERING THE ZONE....

Begin with the basics and do more when you're ready to boost your sense of wellbeing.

DO......

* Buy a face wash and a day cream with sunscreen if you're working outside. If your skin is irritated after saving, use an aftershave balm. And if you want to reduce the signs of ageing, start using an eye cream and an anti-ageing serum or cream.

* Try shopping for skincare products in department stores so you can get samples to try before you buy.

* Apply a face mask once a week. First use a scrub, then a mask and, afterwards, a moisturiser or serum.

* Treat yourself to a facial and you'll enjoy a relaxing face and neck massage, plus learan helpful skincare tips. And afterwards, your skin will be glowing.

* Have a full body massage to ease tight muscles and boost endorphins. Choose from therapeutic, remedial or even Kahuna - a gentle but deep flowing form of body treatment.

DON'T......

* Overdo the aftershave - instead, layer on your fragrance with a body wash, then use a body cream or a dab of scent.

* Stick to the same product for yearas. Try new, high-tech solutions for great looking skin such as an antioxidant-rich moisturiser or a serum that helps boost collagen levels.

* Use a product that makes your skin feel irritated or one you don't enjoy the feel or smell of. There are lots to choose from, so explore your options.

* Neglect the skin on your hands and feet. Use dedicated products and consider having a manicure or pedicure.