The contribution of Hubble Space Telescope to solar system exploration
The Hubble Space Telescope was carried into orbit by the space shuttle in April 1990. It is one of the largest and most versatile telescopes, and is well-known as both a vital research tool and a public relations boon for astronomy.
The latest servicing should allow the telescope to function until at least 2014, when its successor, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), is due to be launched.
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Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)
Hubble Space Telescope Ultra Deep Field
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Excerpts from Wikipedia
Images by courtesy of NASA/JPL-Caltech
Solar system
The Solar System consists of the Sun and celestial objects formed from the collapse of a giant molecular cloud approximately 4.6 billion years ago. The four smaller inner planets - Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars, also called the terrestrial planets - are primarily composed of rock and metal. The four outer planets - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, also called the gas giants - are composed largely of hydrogen and helium and are far more massive than the terrestrials.
The Solar System is also home to two main belts of small bodies. The asteroid belt, which lies between Mars and Jupiter, is similar to the terrestrial planets as it is composed mainly of rock and metal. The Kuiper belt, which lies beyond Neptune's orbit, is composed mostly of ices such as water, ammonia and methane. Within these belts, five objects - Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake and Eris - are large enough to be termed dwarf planets. The hypothetical Oort cloud, which acts as the source for long-period comets, may also exist at a distance roughly a thousand times beyond these regions.
Within the Solar System, various populations of small bodies, such as comets, centaurs and interplanetary dust, freely travel between these regions, while the solar wind, a flow of plasma from the Sun, creates a bubble in the interstellar medium known as the heliosphere, which extends out to the edge of the scattered disc.
Six of the planets and three of the dwarf planets are orbited by natural satellites, usually termed "moons" after Earth's Moon. Each of the outer planets is encircled by planetary rings of dust and other particles.
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Solar system
Discovery and exploration of the Solar System
Space exploration
Moons
Several moons are geologically today. Io is the most volcanically active body in the Solar System, while Europa, Enceladus, Titan and Triton display evidence of ongoing tectonic activity and cryovolcanism. In the first three cases, the geological activity is powered by the tidal heating resulting from having eccentric orbits close to their gas giant primaries.
Enceladus and Triton both have active features resembling geysers. Titan and Triton have significant atmospheres; Titan also has methane lakes, and presumably rain. Four of the largest moons, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, and Titan, are thought to have subsurface oceans of liquid water, while smaller Enceladus may have localized subsurface water.
Many other moons, such as Earth's Moon, Ganymede, Tethys and Miranda, show evidence of past geological activity, resulting from greater past orbital eccentricities or the differentiation or freezing of their interiors.
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Moons
Sun
The Sun - comprising about 99.86% of the total mass of the Solar System, mostly hydrogen and helium - was formed about 4.57 billion years ago when a hydrogen molecular cloud collapsed and it is about halfway through its evolution, during which nuclear fusion reactions in its core fuse hydrogen into helium. Each second, more than 4 million tonnes of matter are converted into energy within its core.
The Sun does not have enough mass to explode as a supernova. Instead, in about 5 billion years, it will enter a red giant phase. Earth's fate is precarious. As a red giant, the Sun will have a maximum radius beyond the Earth's current orbit. Earth would probably be spared, but new research suggests that Earth will be swallowed by the Sun owing to tidal interactions. Following the red giant phase, intense thermal pulsations will cause the Sun to throw off its outer layers, forming a planetary nebula.
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Sun
Terrestrial planets
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars - the closest planets to the Sun - are called terrestrial planets, telluric planets, rocky planets because they are primarily composed of silicate rocks. Terrestrial bodies can be found in the outer solar system too.
Ceres, the largest and most massive body in the asteroid belt, is rocky. Io and Europa - satellites of Jupiter - have mainly rocky compositions and in the outer layer, large quantities of ice. Pluto has a solid surface, but it is composed of more icy materials.
Terrestrial planets
Mercury
Mercury's surface is overall very similar in appearance to that of the Moon, showing extensive mare-like plains and heavy cratering, indicating that it has been geologically inactive for billions of years.
The mean surface temperature is 442.5 K, but it ranges from 100 K to 700 K due to the absence of an atmosphere and a steep temperature gradient between the equator and the poles. Despite the generally extremely high temperature of its surface, observations suggest that ice exists on Mercury. The floors of deep craters at the poles are never exposed to direct sunlight, and temperatures there remain below 102 K, far lower than the global average.
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Mercury
Venus
Venus is covered with an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds of sulfuric acid, preventing its surface from being seen from space in visible light. Venus has the densest atmosphere of all the terrestrial planets - its pressure is 92 times that of the Earth - consisting mostly of carbon dioxide, as it has no carbon cycle to lock carbon back into rocks, nor organic life to absorb it in biomass.
A younger Venus is believed to have possessed Earth-like oceans, but these totally evaporated as the temperature rose, leaving a dusty dry desertscape with many slab-like rocks. The water has most likely dissociated, and, because of the lack of a planetary magnetic field, the hydrogen has been swept into interplanetary space by the solar wind.
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Venus
International Space Station (ISS)
The International Space Station (ISS) is an internationally developed research facility currently being assembled in Low Earth Orbit (altitude of approximately 350 kilometres). On-orbit construction of the station began in 1998 and is scheduled to be complete by 2011, with operations continuing until at least 2015.
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International Space Station (ISS)
Solar eclipse
Hearth rise (from the Moon)
The formation of the Moon occurred about 4.5 billion years ago, about 30-50 million years after the origin of the Solar System. The prevailing hypothesis today is that the Earth-Moon system formed as a result of a giant impact: a Mars-sized body is believed to have hit the Earth, blasting material into orbit.
The Moon rotates about its axis in about the same time it takes to orbit the Earth. This results in it keeping nearly the same face turned towards the Earth at all times.
The continuous bombardment of the Moon by comets and meteoroids has added small amounts of water to the lunar surface. Some deep craters near the poles never receive direct light from the Sun and are thus in permanent shadow. Water that ended up in these craters could be stable for long periods of time. High concentrations of hydrogen have been found in the upper metre of the regolith near the polar regions; estimates for the total quantity of water ice are close to one cubic kilometre. Water ice could be mined and split into its constituent hydrogen and oxygen in lunar outposts.
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Moon
About Google Moon
GO TO GOOGLE MOON!
The man on the moon
... After describing the surface dust ("fine and almost like a powder"), Armstrong stepped off Eagle's footpad and into history as the first human to set foot on another world. It was then that he uttered his famous line "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind" six and a half hours after landing. Aldrin joined him, describing the view as "Magnificent desolation."
From: "Apollo 11", Wikipedia
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Apollo Program
Apollo 11
Lunar soil amd rocks
Due to myriad meteorite impacts, the lunar surface is covered with a thin layer of dust. The dust is electrically charged and sticks to any surface it comes in contact with. The soil becomes very dense beneath the top layer of regolith.
The dust could cause harmful effects on any manned outpost technology and crew members:
- abrasive nature of the dust particles may rub and wear down surfaces through friction;
- negative effect on coatings used on gaskets to seal equipment from space, optical lenses that include solar panels and windows as well as wiring;
- possible damage to an astronaut's lungs, nervous, and cardiovascular systems.
The rocks collected from the Moon are extremely old compared to rocks found on Earth, ranging in age from about 3.16 billion years old for the basaltic samples derived from the plains, up to about 4.5 billion years old for rocks derived from the highlands.
Helium-3 - a non-radioactive isotope of helium that could be used as a power source in fusion reactors - is rare on Earth, but abundant on the Moon where it has been embedded in the upper layer of regolith by the solar wind over billions of years. The solar system's gas giants are rich in it too.
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Lunar soil
Moon rock
Helium 3
Last man on the moon
Apollo 17 was the eleventh manned space mission in the NASA Apollo program, the sixth and final lunar landing mission of the Apollo program. The mission had place in 1972 and broke several records, including longest manned lunar landing flight, longest total lunar surface extravehicular activities, largest lunar sample return, and longest time in lunar orbit.
Eugene Cernan is, to date, the last man to have walked on the Moon. Just before he returned to the Lunar Module for the last time, he said:
"As I take man's last step from the surface, back home for some time to come - but we believe not too long into the future - I'd like to just [say] what I believe history will record - that America's challenge of today has forged man's destiny of tomorrow. And, as we leave the Moon at Taurus-Littrow, we leave as we came and, God willing, as we shall return, with peace and hope for all mankind. Godspeed the crew of Apollo 17."
His last words before liftoff were the more prosaic "Let's get this mother out of here".
A plaque left on the ladder of the descent stage of Challenger reads: "Here Man completed his first explorations of the moon. December 1972 AD. May the spirit of peace in which we came be reflected in the lives of all mankind". The plaque showed two hemispheres of Earth and the near side of the Moon, plus the signatures of Cernan, Evans, Schmitt, and President Nixon.
Fromb "Apollo 17", Wikipedia
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Apollo 17
Mars
Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere (less than 1% of the pressure on Earth), having surface features reminiscent both of the impact craters of the Moon and the volcanoes, valleys, deserts and polar ice caps of Earth. Olympus Mons is the highest mountain in the solar system, at 27 km. The largest canyon, Valles Marineris, has a length of 4,000 km, a depth of up to 7 km and extends across one-fifth the circumference of Mars.
Surface temperatures vary from lows of about -140 °C during the polar winters to highs of up to 20 °C in summers. Mars has the largest dust storms in our Solar System. These can vary from a storm over a small area, to gigantic storms that cover the entire planet.
Liquid water cannot exist on the surface of Mars with its present low atmospheric pressure, but water ice is in no short supply, with two polar ice caps made largely of ice. The volume of water ice in the south polar ice cap, if melted, would be sufficient to cover the entire planetary surface to a depth of 11 metres. Additionally, an ice permafrost mantle stretches down from the pole to latitudes of about 60°.
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Mars
Water on Mars
Life on Mars
About Google Mars
GO TO GOOGLE MARS!
Mars surface
Mars Sunset
Asteroid belt
The asteroid belt is the region of the Solar System located between the orbits of the planets Mars and Jupiter. It is occupied by numerous irregularly shaped bodies called asteroids or minor planets. The asteroid belt region is also termed the main belt to distinguish it from other concentrations of minor planets within the Solar System, such as the Kuiper belt and scattered disc.
More than half the mass of the main belt is contained in the four largest objects, all of them have mean diameters of more than 400 km. Ceres, the largest one, is about 950 km in diameter. The remaining bodies range down to the size of a dust particle.
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Asteroid
Asteroid belt
Dwarf planet
Ceres (dwarf planet)
Gas giants
Gas giants can be subdivided into different types. Jupiter and Saturn are composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. Uranus and Neptune are also called ice giants, as they are mostly composed of water, ammonia, and methane; the hydrogen and helium are mostly in the outermost region.
Their structures are thought to consist of an outer layer of molecular hydrogen, surrounding a layer of liquid metallic hydrogen, with a probable rocky core. The interior temperature ranges from about 7,000 kelvin (K) for Uranus and Neptune to over 20,000 K for Jupiter.
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Gas Giants
Metallic hydrogen
Jupiter and its moons
Jupiter is perpetually covered with clouds composed of ammonia crystals and possibly ammonium hydrosulfide. The clouds are arranged into bands sub-divided into lighter-hued zones and darker belts. The interactions of these cause storms and turbulence. Wind speeds of 100 m/s (360 km/h) are common.
The cloud layer is only about 50 km deep, and consists of at least two decks of clouds: a thick lower deck and a thin clearer region. There may also be a thin layer of water clouds underlying the ammonia layer, as evidenced by flashes of lightning detected in the atmosphere of Jupiter. These electrical discharges can be up to a thousand times as powerful as lightning on the Earth. The water clouds can form thunderstorms driven by the heat rising from the interior.
The orange and brown coloration in the clouds of Jupiter are caused by compounds that change color when they are exposed to ultraviolet light from the Sun (phosphorus, sulfur and possibly hydrocarbons).
There are also at least 63 moons, including the four large moons called the Galilean moons (Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto) that were first discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610. Ganymede, the largest of these moons, has a diameter greater than that of the planet Mercury. Jupiter has a faint planetary ring system made of dust, rather than ice as is the case for Saturn's rings.
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Jupiter
Galilean satellites
Europa (moon of Jupiter)
At just over 3,100 kilometres (1,900 mi) in diameter, Europa is slightly smaller than Earth's Moon. It is primarily made of silicate rock and likely has an iron core. Its surface is composed of ice and is one of the smoothest in the Solar System. This young surface is striated by cracks and streaks, while craters are relatively infrequent. The apparent youth and smoothness of the surface have led to the hypothesis that a water ocean exists beneath it, which could conceivably serve as an abode for extraterrestrial life. Heat energy from tidal flexing (a consequence of Europa's slightly eccentric orbit and orbital resonance with the other Galilean moons) ensures that the ocean remains liquid and drives geological activity.
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Europa (moon)
Europa interior
Europa's unlit interior is now considered to be the most likely location for extant extraterrestrial life in the Solar System. Life may exist in its under-ice ocean, perhaps subsisting in an environment similar to Earth's deep-ocean hydrothermal vents or the Antarctic Lake Vostok. Life in such an ocean could possibly be similar to microbial life on Earth in the deep ocean. So far, there is no evidence that life exists on Europa, but the likely presence of liquid water has spurred calls to send a probe there (hydrobot).
"We've spent quite a bit of time and effort trying to understand if Mars was once a habitable environment. Europa today, probably, is a habitable environment. We need to confirm this... but Europa, potentially, has all the ingredients for life... and not just four billion years ago... but today."
By R.T. Pappalardo, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado, Boulder, 2006
Io (moon of Jupiter)
Io is the innermost of the four Galilean moons of the planet Jupiter (diameter of 3,642 kilometers). With over 400 active volcanoes, it is the most geologically active object in the Solar System.This activity is the result of tidal heating from friction generated within Io's interior by Jupiter's varying pull. Several volcanoes produce plumes of sulfur and sulfur dioxide that climb as high as 500 km (310 mi). Its surface is dotted with more than 100 mountains that have been uplifted by extensive compression at the base of the moon's silicate crust. Some of these peaks are taller than Earth's Mount Everest. The surface of Io is dominated by sulfur and sulfur dioxide frosts.
Io's volcanic plumes and lava flows produce large surface changes and paint the surface in various shades of red, yellow, white, black, and green, largely due to the sulfurous compounds. Numerous extensive lava flows, several longer than 500 kilometres (311 mi) in length, mark its surface.
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Io (moon)
Saturn
Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest planet in the Solar System, after Jupiter. The planet Saturn is composed of hydrogen, with small proportions of helium and trace elements. The interior consists of a small core of rock and ice, surrounded by a thick layer of metallic hydrogen and a gaseous outer layer. The outer atmosphere is generally bland in appearance. Wind speeds on Saturn can reach 1,800 km/h, significantly faster than those on Jupiter.
Saturn has a prominent system of rings, consisting mostly of ice particles with a smaller amount of rocky debris and dust. Sixty-one known moons orbit the planet, not counting hundreds of "moonlets" within the rings. Titan, Saturn's largest and the Solar System's second largest moon (after Jupiter's Ganymede).
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Saturn (planet)
Dione (moon of Saturn)
Dione is composed primarily of water ice, but as the third densest of Saturn's moons (after Enceladus and Titan) it must have a considerable fraction (~ 46%) of denser material like silicate rock in its interior. Dione has been revealed as a world riven by enormous fractures on its trailing hemisphere, bright ice cliffs created by tectonic fractures. Its cratered terrain has numerous craters greater than 100 kilometers in diameter.
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Dione (moon)
Titan (moon of Saturn)
Titan is the second-largest moon in the Solar System, after Jupiter's moon Ganymede. It is primarily composed of water ice and rocky material, with liquid hydrocarbon lakes in the satellite's polar regions. These are the only large, stable bodies of surface liquid known to exist anywhere other than Earth. The surface is geologically young; although mountains and several possible cryovolcanoes have been discovered, it is smooth and few impact craters have been detected.
The atmosphere of Titan is largely composed of nitrogen and its climate includes methane and ethane clouds. The climate-including wind and rain-creates surface features that are similar to those on Earth, such as sand dunes and shorelines, and, like Earth, is dominated by seasonal weather patterns, although at a much lower temperature. The satellite has thus been cited as a possible host for microbial extraterrestrial life or, at least, as a prebiotic environment rich in complex organic chemistry. Researchers have suggested a possible underground liquid ocean might serve as a biotic environment.
Titan's surface temperature is about -179 °C. At this temperature water ice does not sublimate or evaporate, so the atmosphere is nearly free of water vapor. The haze in Titan's atmosphere contributes to the moon's anti-greenhouse effect by reflecting sunlight back into space, making its surface significantly colder than its upper atmosphere. The clouds on Titan, probably composed of methane, ethane or other simple organics, are scattered and variable, punctuating the overall haze. This atmospheric methane conversely creates a greenhouse effect on Titan's surface, without which Titan would be far colder. Titan's atmosphere periodically rains liquid methane and other organic compounds onto the moon's surface.In October 2007, observers noted an increase in apparent opacity in clouds, suggestive of "methane drizzle", though this was not direct evidence for rain. However, subsequent images of lakes in Titan's southern hemisphere taken over one year show that they are enlarged and filled by seasonal hydrocarbon rainfall.
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Titan (moon)
Enceladus (moon of Saturn)
The diameter of Enceladus is only 500 km, about a tenth of that of Saturn's largest moon, Titan. The recent discovery of a water-rich plume venting from the moon's south polar region, along with the presence of escaping internal heat and very few impact craters in the south polar region, shows that Enceladus is one of the three geologically active moons (along with Jupiter's moon Io and Neptune's moon Triton). A global liquid ocean may exist beneath the frozen surface.
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Enceladus (moon)
Uranus
Uranus is similar in composition to Neptune. The interior is mainly composed of ices and rock. Its atmosphere, while similar to Jupiter's and Saturn's in being composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, contains a higher proportion of "ices" such as water, ammonia and methane, along with traces of hydrocarbons. It is the coldest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System, with a minimum temperature of 49 K (-224 °C). It has a layered cloud structure, with water thought to make up the lowest clouds, and methane thought to make up the uppermost layer of clouds. Like the other giant planets, Uranus has a ring system and numerous moons.
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Uranus
Miranda (moon of Uranus)
Miranda is the smallest and innermost moon of Uranus. Its surface is mostly water ice, with the low density body likely containing silicate rock and organic compounds in its interior. Miranda's surface has patchwork regions of broken terrain indicating intense geological activity in the moon's past, and is criss-crossed by huge canyons. Other features may be due to cryovolcanic eruptions of icy magma.
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Triton (moon of Neptune)
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Triton is the largest moon of the planet Neptune and it is thought to have been captured from the Kuiper belt. It consists of a crust of frozen nitrogen over an icy mantle believed to cover a substantial core of rock and metal. Triton is one of the few moons in the Solar System known to be geologically active. As a consequence, its surface is relatively young, with a complex geological history revealed in intricate cryovolcanic and tectonic terrains. Part of its crust is dotted with geysers believed to erupt nitrogen.The internal heat may even be sufficient to maintain a "subterranean ocean" similar to that which is hypothesized to exist underneath the surface of Europa. The possible presence of a layer of liquid water suggests the possibility of life.
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Triton (moon)
Comets
A comet is a small body that orbits the Sun. When close to the Sun, it exhibits a visible coma and sometimes a tail, both because of the effects of solar radiation upon the comet's nucleus. Comet nuclei range from 100 meters to more than 40 kilometers across. They are composed of rock, dust, water ice, and frozen gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane and ammonia. They also contain organic compounds.
Surprisingly, cometary nuclei are among the darkest objects known to exist in the solar system. Comet Halley's nucleus reflects 4% of the light that falls on it, Comet Borrelly's surface reflects 2.4-3.0% of the light that falls on it. By comparison, asphalt reflects 7% of the light that falls on it. It is thought that complex organic compounds are the dark surface material. Solar heating drives off volatile compounds leaving behind heavy long-chain organics that tend to be very dark, like tar or crude oil. The very darkness of cometary surfaces allows them to absorb the heat necessary to drive their outgassing.
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Comet
Comet nucleus
Great comets
Halley's comet
Heliopause
The heliopause is the theoretical boundary where the Sun's solar wind is stopped by the interstellar medium, because the solar wind's strength is no longer great enough to push back the stellar winds of the surrounding stars. Its distance from the Sun is above 80 to 100 astronomical units (AU) at its closest point.
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Heliosphere
Trans-Neptunian objects
The Kuiper belt is a region of the Solar System beyond the planets extending from the orbit of Neptune (at 30 AU) to approximately 55 AU from the Sun. It is similar to the asteroid belt, although it is far larger-20 times as wide and 20-200 times as massive. Like the asteroid belt, it consists mainly of small bodies, or remnants from the Solar System's formation. While the asteroid belt is composed primarily of rock and metal, the Kuiper belt objects are composed largely of frozen volatiles (termed "ices"), such as methane, ammonia and water. It is home to at least three dwarf planets - Pluto, Haumea and Makemake.
The scattered disc is a distant region of the Solar System that is sparsely populated by icy minor planets. While the nearest distance to the Sun approached by scattered objects is about 30-35 AU, their orbits can extend well beyond 100 AU.
The Oort cloud is a hypothetical spherical cloud of comets which may lie roughly 50,000 AU, or nearly a light-year, from the Sun. This places the cloud at nearly a quarter of the distance to Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to the Sun. The Kuiper belt and scattered disc, the other two known reservoirs of trans-Neptunian objects, are less than one thousandth the Oort cloud's distance. The outer extent of the Oort cloud defines the gravitational boundary of our Solar System. Objects in the Oort cloud are largely composed of ices, such as water, ammonia, and methane.
The objects within the Kuiper belt, together with the members of the scattered disc and Oort cloud objects, are collectively referred to as trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs).
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Trans-Neptunian objects
Kuiper belt
Scattered disc
Oort cloud
Pluto and its moon Caron
Pluto is the second-largest known dwarf planet in the Solar System (after Eris) It has an eccentric and highly inclined orbit that takes it from 30 to 49 AU from the Sun. A dwarf planet is a celestial body orbiting the Sun that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity but has not cleared its neighbouring region of planetesimals and is not a satellite.
Pluto's composition consists of 50-70 percent rock and 30-50 percent ice by mass. Because decay of radioactive minerals would eventually heat the ices enough for the rock to separate from them, scientists expect that Pluto's internal structure is differentiated, with the rocky material having settled into a dense core surrounded by a mantle of ice. The diameter of the core should be around 1,700 km, 70% of Pluto's diameter. It is possible that such heating continues today, creating a subsurface ocean layer of liquid water some 100 to 180 km thick at the core-mantle boundary.
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Pluto (dwarf planet)
Charon (moon)
Eris (dwarf planet)
Dwarf planet
Sedna
Sedna is a trans-Neptunian object placed at 88 AU from the Sun, about three times as distant as Neptune. It has a diameter between 1,200 and 1,600 km. For most of its orbit Sedna is farther from the Sun than any other known dwarf planet candidate. Its temperature never rises above 33 kelvin. It is one of the reddest objects in the solar system, nearly as red as Mars. Sedna's dark red color is caused by a hydrocarbon sludge (tholin).
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Sedna
Tholin
Beyond...
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- Mart903 Mart903 Dec 16, 2009 @ 12:55 pm
- An always interesting subject; And in this time of global warming talks, I feel it's timely to take a look at the broader picture.
Remarkable photos.. Marvelous lens.
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- sparklenz sparklenz Dec 15, 2009 @ 11:39 pm
- Some fantastic images and info here! I got hooked on the Apollo mission a few years back from then have always wanted to know more about what's 'out there'. Thank you Hubble for shining the light on some of the solar system's mysteries for us! And thanks for a great lens on it :-)
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- iamlegend iamlegend Dec 15, 2009 @ 6:10 am
- interesting lens! i pretty much enjoy watching the universe topic, those space foto are stunning! amazing!
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- ToniCorset ToniCorset Dec 14, 2009 @ 7:57 am
- Simply fascinating! Very well researched, and the pictures pull everything together. Fun read- 5*
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- writernewbie writernewbie Dec 14, 2009 @ 12:24 am
- Well, sir...I have to say that this is the best lens that I have come across on Squidoo. Being a "baby squid", I have much to learn about what makes a good article. I have favorited your page and will use it as a reference in the future. Thank you!
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- Kimsworld Kimsworld Dec 12, 2009 @ 12:41 am
- Wow! What a great lens.
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- Size9 Size9 Dec 8, 2009 @ 3:37 pm
- What an incredible lens! It sucked me right in!
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- arncyn arncyn Dec 7, 2009 @ 9:08 am
- Thank you for this fantastic, well-researched lens and you're right, we wouldn't have known and seen all these if it weren't for the Hubble telescope! I can't wait to see what the JWST will show us too -- I'm sure it's even far more advanced. (:
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- milleniumfan milleniumfan Nov 29, 2009 @ 12:38 pm
- What a fantastic lens. You've obviously put a lot of work into this. 5 stars and favorited.
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- angie303 angie303 Nov 28, 2009 @ 4:35 am
- Nice & informative post.
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- Themiscorkscrew Themiscorkscrew Nov 26, 2009 @ 8:05 am
- Really interesting 5* Is it odd to feel compelled to eat the planets
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- LearningIsFun LearningIsFun Nov 26, 2009 @ 2:48 am
- This is a great lens. Pictures are fabulous; info great too. Isn't the solar system an amazing place? I've done quite a lot of stuff with the children around it including making a model Viking probe and the info you've got here is the sort of thing to inspire..Thanks
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- KellydeBorda KellydeBorda Nov 24, 2009 @ 10:33 pm
- So much interesting information. I grew up in Cape Canaveral in the 60s, it was a very exciting time.
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- 2Eklectik 2Eklectik Nov 23, 2009 @ 8:24 pm
- Very interesting with lots of information!! Great lens!
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- cyberpunkdreams cyberpunkdreams Nov 23, 2009 @ 1:00 pm
- Wow, you've got an incredible amount of information here (plus lots of pretty pictures!) I couldn't digest it all in one go, so I'll be coming back for more.
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- tclough tclough Nov 23, 2009 @ 10:09 am
- Very well done. I appreciate this information. The pictures are a real treat.
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- varundbest varundbest Nov 22, 2009 @ 3:28 pm
- Amazing lens! a 5 star for it!
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- varundbest varundbest Nov 22, 2009 @ 3:28 pm
- Amazing lens! a 5 star for it!
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- online4income online4income Nov 20, 2009 @ 10:59 am
- Very informative and well presented. Photographs are really good. I hope to revisit to read more.
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- LaraineRose LaraineRose Nov 18, 2009 @ 6:35 am
- I am impressed! I am a star gazer from a way back and I have just read an article about the "black hole." not being a black hole. The newer telescopes reveal more galaxies within the black hole. Crikey! 5*s from me for sure.
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