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Stephen Hawking
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Contents
Introduction
Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA (born 8 January 1942) is a British theoretical physicist, whose world-renowned scientific career spans over 40 years. His books and public appearances have made him an academic celebrity and he is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts,, a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Science, and in 2009 was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States.
He is known for his contributions to the fields of cosmology and quantum gravity, especially in the context of black holes. He has also achieved success with works of popular science in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general; these include the runaway best seller A Brief History of Time, which stayed on the British Sunday Times bestsellers list for a record-breaking 237 weeks.
Hawking's key scientific works to date have included providing, with Roger Penrose, theorems regarding singularities in the framework of general relativity, and the theoretical prediction that black holes should emit radiation, which is today known as Hawking radiation (or sometimes as Bekenstein-Hawking radiation).
Hawking was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge for thirty years, taking up the post in 1979 and retiring on October 1, 2009.
He is also a Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge and a Distinguished Research Chair at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Ontario.
Hawking has a neuro-muscular dystrophy that is related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a condition that has progressed over the years and has left him almost completely paralyzed.
Biography
Stephen William Hawking was born on January 8, 1942 to Frank Hawking, a research biologist, and Isobel Hawking. He had two younger sisters, Philippa and Mary, and an adopted brother, Edward. Though Hawking's parents had their home in North London, they moved to Oxford while Isobel was pregnant with Stephen, desiring a safer location for the birth of their first child (London was under attack at the time by the Luftwaffe). After Hawking was born, the family moved back to London, where his father headed the division of parasitology at the National Institute for Medical Research.In 1950, Hawking and his family moved to St Albans in Hertfordshire where he attended St Albans High School for Girls between 1950 to 1953. Unlike today, boys were educated at that time at the Girls school until the age of 10. From the age of 11, he attended St Albans School, where he was a good, but not an exceptional, student. When asked later to name a teacher who had inspired him, Hawking named his Mathematics teacher, "Mr Tahta". He maintains his connection with the school, giving his name to one of the four houses and to an extracurricular science lecture series. He has visited to deliver one of the lectures and has also granted a lengthy interview to pupils working on the school magazine, the Albanian.
He was always interested in science. He enrolled at University College, Oxford with the intent of studying mathematics, although his father preferred he go into medicine. Since mathematics was not offered at University College, Hawking instead chose physics. His interests during this time were in thermodynamics, relativity, and quantum mechanics. His physics tutor, Robert Berman, later said in the New York Times Magazine, "It was only necessary for him to know that something could be done, and he could do it without looking to see how other people did it. ... He didn't have very many books, and he didn't take notes. Of course, his mind was completely different from all of his contemporaries." He was passing with his fellow students, but his unimpressive study habits gave him a final examination score on the borderline between first and second class honours, making an "oral examination" necessary. Berman said of the oral examination, "And of course the examiners then were intelligent enough to realize they were talking to someone far more clever than most of themselves."
After receiving his B.A. degree at Oxford University in 1962, he stayed to study astronomy. He decided to leave when he found that studying sunspots, which was all the observatory was equipped for, did not appeal to him and that he was more interested in theory than in observation. He left Oxford for Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he engaged in the study of theoretical astronomy and cosmology.
Almost as soon as he arrived at Cambridge, he started developing symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (colloquially known as Lou Gehrig's disease), a type of motor neuron disease which would cost him the loss of almost all neuromuscular control. During his first two years at Cambridge, he did not distinguish himself, but, after the disease had stabilized and with the help of his doctoral tutor, Dennis William Sciama, he returned to working on his Ph.D. Stephen revealed that he did not see much point in obtaining a doctorate if he was to die soon. Hawking later said that the real turning point was his 1965 marriage to Jane Wilde, a language student. After gaining his Ph.D. Stephen became first a Research Fellow, and later on a Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College.
Hawking was elected as one of the youngest Fellows of the Royal Society in 1974, was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1982, and became a Companion of Honour in 1989. Hawking is a member of the Board of Sponsors of The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.
Jane Hawking, née Wilde, Hawking's first wife, with whom he had three children, cared for him until 1991 when the couple separated, reportedly due to the pressures of fame and his increasing disability. Hawking married his nurse, Elaine Mason (who was also the previous wife of David Mason, designer of the first version of Hawking's talking computer), in 1995. In October 2006, Hawking filed for divorce.
In 1999, Jane Hawking published a memoir, Music to Move the Stars, detailing her own long-term relationship with a family friend whom she later married. Hawking's daughter Lucy Hawking is a novelist. Their son Robert Hawking emigrated to the United States, married, and has one child, George Edward Hawking. Reportedly, Hawking and his first family were reconciled in 2007.
At the celebration of his 65th birthday on January 8, 2007, Hawking announced his plans for a zero-gravity flight in 2007 to prepare for a sub-orbital spaceflight in 2009 on Virgin Galactic's space service. Billionaire Richard Branson pledged to pay all expenses for the flight, costing an estimated £100,000. Stephen Hawking's zero-gravity flight in a "Vomit Comet" of Zero Gravity Corporation, during which he experienced weightlessness eight times, took place on April 26, 2007.
He became the first quadriplegic to float free in a weightless state. This was the first time in 40 years that he moved freely beyond the confines of his wheelchair. The fee is normally US$3,750 for 10-15 plunges, but Hawking was not required to pay the fee.
Research
Hawking's principal fields of research are theoretical cosmology and quantum gravity.In the late 1960s, he and his Cambridge friend and colleague, Roger Penrose, applied a new, complex mathematical model they had created from Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. This led, in 1970, to Hawking proving the first of many singularity theorems; such theorems provide a set of sufficient conditions for the existence of a singularity in space-time. This work showed that, far from being mathematical curiosities which appear only in special cases, singularities are a fairly generic feature of general relativity.
He supplied a mathematical proof, along with Brandon Carter, Werner Israel and D. Robinson, of John Wheeler's "No-Hair Theorem" - namely, that any black hole is fully described by the three properties of mass, angular momentum, and electric charge.
Hawking also suggested that, upon analysis of gamma ray emissions, after the Big Bang, primordial or mini black holes were formed. With Bardeen and Carter, he proposed the four laws of black hole mechanics, drawing an analogy with thermodynamics. In 1974, he calculated that black holes should thermally create and emit subatomic particles, known today as Hawking radiation, until they exhaust their energy and evaporate.
In collaboration with Jim Hartle, Hawking developed a model in which the Universe had no boundary in space-time, replacing the initial singularity of the classical Big Bang models with a region akin to the North pole: one cannot travel North of the North pole, there is no boundary there. While originally the no-boundary proposal predicted a closed Universe, discussions with Neil Turok led to the realisation that the no-boundary proposal is also consistent with a Universe which is not closed.
Among Hawking's many other scientific investigations, included are the study of: quantum cosmology, cosmic inflation, helium production in anisotropic Big Bang universes, large N cosmology, the density matrix of the universe, topology and structure of the universe, baby universes, Yang-Mills instantons and the S matrix; anti de Sitter space, quantum entanglement and entropy; the nature of space and time, including the arrow of time; spacetime foam, string theory, supergravity, Euclidean quantum gravity, the gravitational Hamiltonian; Brans-Dicke and Hoyle-Narlikar theories of gravitation; gravitational radiation, and wormholes.
At a George Washington University lecture in honour of NASA's 50th anniversary, Prof. Hawking theorised on the existence of extraterrestrial life: "Primitive life is very common and intelligent life is fairly rare."
Quotes
Some Famous And Some Not So Famous Quotes
- Einstein was wrong when he said "God does not play dice". Consideration of black holes suggests, not only that God does play dice, but that He sometimes confuses us by throwing them where they can't be seen.
- I have noticed even people who claim everything is predestined, and that we can do nothing to change it, look before they cross the road.
- My goal is simple. It is a complete understanding of the universe, why it is as it is and why it exists at all.
- I find that American & Scandinavian accents work better with women. (In response to a question about the American accent of his synthesiser.)
- Someone told me that each equation I included in the book would halve the sales. In the end, however, I did put in one equation, Einstein's famous equation, E = mc2. I hope that this will not scare off half of my potential readers.
- My expectations were reduced to zero when I was 21. Everything since then has been a bonus.
- To show this diagram properly, I would really need a four dimensional screen. However, because of government cuts, we could manage to provide only a two dimensional screen.
- Life would be tragic if it weren't funny.
- The whole history of science has been the gradual realization that events do not happen in an arbitrary manner, but that they reflect a certain underlying order, which may or may not be divinely inspired.
- Eternity is a very long time, especially towards the end.
News
News about Stephen W. Hawking, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times.
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Stephen Hawking's Universe
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A Brief History of Time
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Stephen Hawking - God, the Universe, & Everything / Carl Sagan, Arthur C. Clarke
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Charlie Rose - Martin Rees / Dr. Stephen Hawking & Lucy Hawking (March 7, 2008)
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The Astronomers
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A Brief History Of Time
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A Brief History of Time
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A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes
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A Brief History of Time and the Universe in a Nutshell
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The Universe in a Nutshell
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A Stubbornly Persistent Illusion: The Essential Scientific Works of Albert Einstein
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The Nature of Space and Time
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The Theory of Everything: The Origin and Fate of the Universe
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George's Secret Key to the Universe
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God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs that Changed History
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On The Shoulders Of Giants
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Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays
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The Illustrated On the Shoulders of Giants: The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy
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The Future of Spacetime
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Hawking on the Big Bang and Black Holes (Advanced Series in Astrophysics and Cosmology, Vol 8)
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Stephen Hawking: Life Works (Book & Tape)
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Books
On The Shoulders Of Giants
Selections from The Principle of Relativity (On the Shoulders of Giants)
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On The Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres (On the Shoulders of Giants)
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Harmonies Of The World (On the Shoulders of Giants)
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Principia (On the Shoulders of Giants)
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Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences (On the Shoulders of Giants)
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Book Reviews
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Scientific American
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Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage
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Astronomy News
Fetching RSS feed... please stand byAstronomy Picture Of The Day
Fetching RSS feed... please stand byScientific American
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- COPENHAGEN--U.S. forests and soils store some 90 billion metric tons of carbon, or 50 years worth of present U.S. emissions from fossil fuels , according to a new study from the U.S. Geological Survey. As negotiators here at the United Nations' climate summit continue to struggle to draft a global agreement to cut greenhouse gas emissions --including efforts to reduce deforestation and protect natural sinks--the U.S. Department of Interior is transforming the business of public lands and waters to help combat climate change . [More]
- Mercury Common in U.S. Adults
- Mercury exposure in the United States increases with age, then starts tapering off when people turn 50, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found in a study released today. [More]
- World Changing Ideas: December's Scientific American
- Scientific American Magazine's editor-in-chief Mariette Dichristina and editor Michael Moyer talk about the World Changing Ideas feature, as well as other contents of the December issue. [More]
- Head Chaise: Couching One's Thoughts into a Brain Wave Sofa [Slide Show]
- Two European designers, Dries Verbruggen and Lucas Maassen , became enthralled recently with the idea of neuro-feedback in which a patient--say, someone with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder--observes his or her own brain waves on a video screen and tries to alter their oscillations through mental effort. [More]
- Should you add batteries to your solar array?
- Editor's Note: Scientific American 's George Musser will be chronicling his experiences installing solar panels in Solar at Home (formerly 60-Second Solar). Read his introduction here and see all posts here . Once upon a time, all solar arrays were off-grid. That was the whole point: solar enthusiasts wanted to, or had to, generate their own electricity rather than rely on a utility. They installed banks of batteries to store power for use when the sun went down. Today, with net-metering, we let the grid "store" the power for us. That said, batteries have not gone away entirely. [More]
- Draft deal gives lift to flagging climate talks
- By David Fogarty and Sunanda Creagh COPENHAGEN (Reuters) - A draft climate pact unveiled on Friday revived hopes that U.N. talks might be able to pin down an international deal to fight global warming, but developing nations said they needed more cash from the rich. [More]
- Searching for the Best Way to Go Green When Traveling
- Dear EarthTalk: I'm a travel agent and our firm has several clients wanting to go with green vendors, including for travel (airline or rental car) and lodging. Our company is supportive so would like to know which airlines, hotels and car rental agencies are going affordably green? --Carol Biggar, via e-mail [More]
- Subsurface Gas Deposit Could Deflate Theory of How Earth's Atmosphere Formed
- A precision analysis of gases from Earth's mantle collected at a geologic formation in the U.S. Southwest points to a source for the gas that more closely resembles carbonaceous meteorites than it does the sun. If confirmed by further research, the new study would challenge a theoretical model for atmosphere formation in which Earth began with two reservoirs of solar gas captured during the planet's formation and youth--one surrounding the planet, the other buried beneath the surface. [More]
- Piercing the Plasma: Ideas to Beat the Communications Blackout of Reentry
- The frustrating communications blackout that can occur when a spacecraft reenters the atmosphere caused some tense moments in the earlier years of the space age--perhaps most memorably during the crippled Apollo 13 mission. But the phenomenon could also affect communications with new aircraft and weapons systems being contemplated now by the U.S. Air Force, which hopes to find ways to pierce the blackout. The problem arises when a speeding vehicle heats the air in front of it, ionizing it into plasma that blocks radio transmissions. It resembles the shock waves created when an airplane hits Mach 1 and breaks the sound barrier. In the case of reentering spacecraft and hypersonic aircraft, the plasma-shock boundaries form at speeds of about Mach 10. The space shuttle avoids the blackout because the craft's broad underside leaves an open area in the plasma plume trailing behind, enabling communications and telemetry data to be relayed to Earth through a network of satellites. But smaller craft are completely engulfed by the plasma. [More]
- Call Me Melville, Based on New Word Use
- Thieves may leave fingerprints at the scene of a crime. But does an author leave a metaphorical fingerprint on the book? The answer may be yes, according to a study published in the New Journal of Physics . Swedish physicists investigated how frequently authors use new words in their writing. This, they say, offers clearly identifiable patterns. The research goes against a belief held for more than 75 years that there's a sort of universality to how frequently authors use new words. [More]
Guestbook
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- Heather426 Heather426 Aug 15, 2009 @ 5:21 pm
- Brilliant man, brilliant lens! Love it! 5*, fave, and lensroll!
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- merlynne6 merlynne6 Nov 1, 2008 @ 7:59 pm
- Congratulations 10X, this is a stunning lens and a well deserved tribute to one of the most extraordinary scientists of our time. As dc64 said, you should have a 10 star rating. At http://www.squidoo.com/universe_earlyradiation - I have a small lens about Radiation in the Early Universe featuring an exceptional photograph from the Spitzer Telescope that you might enjoy. I shall link to you shortly.
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- dc64 dc64 Jul 18, 2008 @ 7:29 pm
- Wow, how can I be the second person to sign your guestbook? You've done fantastic work here, and paid tribute to a brilliant man of science!
You deserve 10 stars, but I am limited to just 5.
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- tdove tdove Jun 27, 2008 @ 8:58 pm
- Thanks for joining G Rated Lense Factory!
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