Story of the Women's Army Corps

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How the Women's Army Corps began

The Women's Army Auxiliary Corps was first established in May of 1942 under a bill introduced by Edith Nourse Rogers, a Massachusetts Congresswoman. Since it was an auxiliary, it had no military status until 1943 when Rogers introduced another bill to enlist and appoint women in the United States Army. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed the bill on the first day of July, 1943 and thus the Women's Army Corps was born, widely known as WACs.

In 1946, the War Department began a program to retain and re-enlist those women who had served during World War II. The Chief of Staff General Dwight David Eisenhower, announced he would ask Congress to make the Women's Army Corps a part of the Regular Army and the Organized Reserve Corps. Women's enlisted numbers had dropped steadily after the war from more than 99,000 to about 21,500 and by the end of May 1948, there were approximately 6,500 active duty personnel.

President Harry S. Truman signed into law on the 12th of June 1948, the Women's Armed Services Integration Act , the bill that Eisenhower had requested Congress to pass. A new training center for WACs was opened at Fort Lee, Virginia in July 1948.

During the Korean War, many WAC officers and enlisted reservists voluntarily returned to active duty. More than these were needed to fill administrative positions, causing many who were in Reservist status to be recalled involuntarily to active duty.

A new WAC training center was established in 1951 in Ft. McClellan, Alabama to be a permanent home for the Women's Army Corps. This facility would include basic training, clerk typist, stenography, personnel specialist, leadership and cadre (trainer) courses for enlisted personnel and basic and advanced courses for officers. The WAC center's first commander was Lt. Col. Eleanore C. Sullivan.

During the Vietnam War, the first woman to be assigned to the area was Major Anne Marie Doering. There were more to follow, and a detachment of 90 enlisted women was located at Headquarters, US Army, Vietnam, Long Binh, approximately 20 miles from Saigon. They remained from 1967 to October 1972 when United States troops were withdrawn from Vietnam.

In 1967, Congress removed "the glass ceiling" of promotion restrictions on women officers, making it possible for women to achieve general officer rank. The first WAC officer to be promoted to Brigadier General was Elizabeth P. Hoisington on June 11, 1970, the second was Mildred C. Bailey, and the third was Mary E. Clarke, who would become the last Director of the Women's Army Corps.

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Change comes to the Women's Army Corps

Ft. McClellan WACsThe draft was eliminated on June 30, 1973. As a result of strong recruiting and the availability of all Military Occupational Specialties (MOS) to women, with the exception of combat duties, the strength of the Women's Army Corps increased from 12,260 in 1972 to 52,900 in 1978.

In July 1975, defensive weapons training for enlisted women and officers became mandatory. The policy also applied to women in the Army Reserve and National Guard. In 1977, women began taking the same basic training courses as enlisted men, and year later began training together with men in the same units. Joint training was discontinued in August 1982.

The first women cadets entered the United States Military Academy at West Point in July 1976 (NOTE: This was Independence month and bi-centennial year), and women have graduated with every class since 1980

Separate WAC units were phased out from 1973 to 1974. Enlisted women continued to be housed separately to insure their privacy in bathing and sleeping, but they have one commander and cadre (trainers) group. The WAC Center and School in Ft. McClellan closed in December 1976. A WAC museum that was constructed at the Fort has been closed, and a new museum is to be built at Ft. Lee, Virginia.

The Women's Army Corps as a separate unit from the Regular Army was disestablished on October 29, 1978. That order meant WACs would no longer have female only officers and non-commissioned officers as trainers. It also did away with the customs and courtesies of long-standing tradition of the WACs. No longer would the WAC song "Duty" be heard in the barracks or on the march. The medals for the Women's Army Corps were abolished, and the beloved symbol, the Pallas Athene would be removed from all uniforms. The WACs would now be soldiers and subject to the same clothing, training and treatment as the men.

This was a sad day for those of us who had grown to love our own branch of the Army just the way it was. Many can still sing that song from so long ago, some of us still have our uniforms hanging in the closet with the Pallas Athene proudly placed just so.

The Symbol of the Women's Army Corps

The Pallas Athene

This is the symbol of the Women's Army Corps, the Pallas Athene, the Goddess of wisdom and of war. A brass circle containing the letters U.S. was worn on our left lapel, and a brass circle with the Pallas Athene on the right lapel. This brass was thoroughly shined every day with Brasso or Simichrome, so that they nearly blinded those approaching in the sunshine. We were so proud to be part of the Army and of the Women's Army Corps and our appearance reflected that pride.

What was it like in the Women's Army Corps-1968-1972?

These stories will give you an idea of Basic Training chores.

The bed and area had to be spotlessly clean and uniform. That meant no dust on any surface, no kleenex hanging out of the box, no buttons unbuttoned or zippers unzipped on the hanging clothes. Each footlocker was also inspected to make sure everything in it was supposed to be there and in the right place; all footlockers must be the same. Each bed had to be tightly made in the manner taught. If it was not, the inspector would rudely jerk all the covers off the bed and note a demerit called a "gig." If too many of those were received over a certain period of time, the individual would be "recycled" back to an earlier week in another company. Basic training was designed to cover 8 weeks of intensive training, and eventually, if the trainee was unable to get through the complete cycle of 8 weeks, they would be discharged under General conditions as "unable to adapt to military service."

Pressing the uniform was done endlessly...there were to be no wrinkles in a uniform EVER. It became a custom for the girls to take off their uniform as soon as they came in from classes, set up the ironing board and press the uniform before they were called back to formation again. There was always someone pressing their uniform at any given moment. We sure needed to own shares of the spray starch companies, since we used it every day, several times a day.

Shoes were another thing the WAC was particular about; when issued, your "low quarters" (not high heels), were immediately stripped with lighter fluid and a cotton ball. The next step was black leather dye, put on and allowed to dry. Right then, they looked really terrible, dull and off color. Using black paste polish, the lid was popped off and filled with water.A small portion of soft cloth such as a cloth diaper was wrapped around your forefinger and dipped into water, then into the paste polish. With small circular movements, the polishing began. Every inch of the shoe was polished in this way until the shoe was shiny. They would not be stripped and re-dyed for a long time, but would continue to build up the shine on that base each day, until the shoes looked like patent leather. This was very time consuming, but what the heck, you had nowhere to go. Polishing the shoes was a daily event, because marching in a field of grass which happened almost every day, ate the shine right off the shoes.

If locker keys, name badge, or dogtags were lost, or if money was discovered loose in the locker, it was called a "security violation," and could get a demerit or even an Article 15, which put a bad report on the Army personnel record.

It was REQUIRED to wear hair no longer than the uniform collar, or it must be worn up in a manner that permitted the wearing of the uniform hat. No pony tails were allowed.

It was REQUIRED to wear lipstick, whether you liked wearing it or not.

No earrings or necklace could be worn while in uniform.

No perfume or cologne was allowed while in uniform.

A platoon or company was always moved from place to place by marching in formation.

If in uniform just walking down the street, every officer or officer's car had be saluted. One of the classes was on recognizing insignia. A non-commissioned officer like a Sergeant or Specialist was not to be saluted, only the Commissioned Officers. If you failed to salute, the officer could stop you and put you "on report," at which time your Company Commander was notified. She would then decide your penance, which could range from picking up litter from the grounds to scrubbing toilets.

Maybe all this sounds very difficult, and yes, it could be. But just as in any group, a platoon bonds together and helps one another get through it. We became as close as family, having our disagreements, but willing to fight for each other if the need arose.

Duty - The WAC Song

Sung to the tune of Colonel Bogey March

The words to the WAC song were written by Major Dorothy E. Nielsen, USAR

Duty is calling you and me
We have a date with destiny
Ready, the WACs are ready,
Our pulse is steady
A world to set free.
Service, we're in it heart and soul
Victory is our only goal
We love our country's honor
And we'll defend it against any foe.

The Women's Army Corps provided opportunities I might not have had.

My divorce left me
with low self-esteem,
and the Army gave
that back to me and more.
It was a great four years,
and I met many good
people I will never forget.

Women in the Military

Do you think women should be in the military?

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Yes

poddys says:

If they wish to serve their country in the military, I don't see why they should not be allowed to.

michigan says:

yes! And I not only talk the talk; I also walked the walk... for 2 years, 11 months, and 21 days. It was the best of times and it was the worst of times, and everyone. - both men and women - should give two or three years of their life to their country.

jmsp206 says:

Yes why not, we are good at many things.

Repete says:

With Pride and Integraty But Not In COMBAT

Heather426 says:

Hmm, my mother was in the military, but only as a nurse, not doing the fighting. I don't think they shouldl have to be in combat.

No

 
view all 10 comments

Women's Army Corps

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My Basic Training Platoon

in March of 1968

We were Alpha-3, the proudest platoon in Company A and as far as we were concerned, that 3 meant nothing, we knew we were Number One!

With the ranking officers in front, we were arranged in this Basic Training photograph by our height. I was 5 feet 6 inches. Can you find me?

Pssst...I'm in the back row, fourth from the left side. In those raincoats and hats you couldn't tell one of us from another!

Class 22 in Clerical Training Company

There's a right way, a wrong way, and the Army way!

This was a favorite saying: "There's a right way, a wrong way and the Army way," We learned to type if we didn't already know how. We also learned military correspondence and forms, which is of course, totally different from civilian correspondence and forms. None of this "Dear Mrs. Brown" stuff. There was a strict format for every piece of correspondence we were required to perform and we were required to learn them. The worst thing was learning the format for the complicated Morning Report, a particular report that had to be done every morning before a specific time and hand-carried to Headquarters. During this training, we learned that everything that's done in the Army is covered by a regulation. Really, no matter what you needed or wanted to do, "there's a regulation for that," actual books that were prominent in every Army company. They were known as AR (short for Army Regulation) with a dash and a number. Believe me, the Army way never had any relation to the way things were done in the civilian world.

Can you spot me in this photo?

Look a little closer. These troops are still arranged by height and again by rank. That means the ranking officers are in front: The Captain and the Lieutenant are in the middle, and the Platoon Sergeant on the left. But who is that funny looking gal on the right with the temporary Sergeant stripe on her arm? Why, that's yours truly! As the Class Leader it was my job to see that everyone did all their chores (called details in the Army) properly, and that they marched in step to and from class each day. I would also be chewed out if they didn't do what they were supposed to do. Fortunately, I hit it off with most of my platoon and we had very few personnel problems. It was a sad day for all of us when our military orders took us in separate paths after graduation.

On the job in Ft McClellan....my first duty post

Can you pick me out?

A photo of me and the Clerical Training Company personnel at my first duty, 1968-1969. I was the lowest ranked member at that time, SP-4. So there I am, again on the right, in front. They had those of us in front to sit, because the photo was taken on the flat office floor. Someone would have become hidden, and of course, that wouldn't do. This is the Clerical Training Company, and I am now what is known as Cadre. I assist the Company Clerk in getting through the tremendous pile of paperwork required each day from every company on post. I've been in the Women's Army Corps for only a few weeks and I am now in pay grade Specialist 4.

Books about the United States Women's Army Corps

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Fort Knox, Kentucky

I transferred to Fort Knox, Kentucky at the beginning of 1970 to be closer to my home town and my Mom, who was quite sick. i worked at the Separation-Transfer Point, when the soldiers first started coming back from Vietnam. General Westmoreland wanted these boys on their way as quickly as possible, and we worked overtime typing orders to accommodate them.

The only other place I was stationed was Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana, for 6 weeks of Recruiter training. We had to learn public speaking, learn the correct way to fill out paperwork needed for enlistment, Army regulations, how to give tests to a prospective recruit, and other phases of the recruiting process. In order to be accepted for recruiting, I had to submit a full-length photo and write an essay about why I wanted to be a Recruiter. i also had to go before a board of Officers who had to approve me for Recruiting duty. Everything about me was scrutinized, from my hair down to my shoes, and all my personnel and medical records were researched. Somehow, I passed everything and became a Women's Army Corps Counselor and Recruiter at the end of 1969. I was a Recruiter until I left the service in 1972.

My last Women's Army Corps duty post

was a Recruiting Station

My last duty post before my discharge in 1972, was in a Recruiting Station in the Federal Building in downtown Evansville, Indiana, my home town. I was a Sergeant E-5, Recruiter for the Women's Army Corps, although we were known as WAC Counselors. The photo is my first recruit at her swearing in. As a Recruiter I spoke at high school career days, helped girls to fill out their paperwork, drove them to the Recruiting Main Station in Louisville, Kentucky for processing, provided them with information as to what career fields were available to them based on their test results, and gave them an accurate idea of what they would encounter in the Women's Army Corps. Retention statistics were given a sharp eye by our Commander, and telling the new recruit truthfully what to expect helped retain those who were good troops. Once I became a Recruiter, I was promoted to the rank of Sergeant E-5, one pay grade higher, and a difference in rank designation. Because I was in a position of "authority" I was made a non-commissioned officer, rather than a Specialist 5.

Blessed........

by SquidAngels Heather426, Tipi, jmsp206, charlino, mbrownauthor and fanfreluche.
Thank you so much!.

Women's Army Corps Medal

As a member of the Women's Army Corps, we were authorized to receive certain medals. The medal shown in this lens was the Women's Army Corps Service Medal. We were also authorized to receive the National Defense Service Medal. If we had duty in a foreign country; Korea, Vietnam, etc., there were other medals we might attain.

Photo: Courtesy Judy Schweitzer

Links to learn more about the Women's Army Corps

Women's Army Corps History
Women's Army Corps beginnings and history.
Commemoration of the Women's Army Corps in World War II.
The role of the Women's Army Corps in World War II.
Women's Army Corps 1945-1978
Descriptions and changes of the Code of Conduct and traditions military women were expected to follow during the years from 1945 to 1978.

Did you serve in the military?

Please leave a message about this lens.

  • poddys May 5, 2012 @ 10:38 am | delete
    Wonderful information Nancy, and I am sure this brings back fond memories for your fellow ladies who served during this time.
  • raitoavi May 1, 2012 @ 10:41 am | delete
    While I'm a guy, I found this a fascinating story and feel I've learned a lot from it.
    I loved the idea of using Athena as a symbol, thanks for sharing.
  • Linda1954 Apr 7, 2012 @ 5:50 pm | delete
    I was in the Women's Army Corps from 1974 to 1976. Basic at Fort McClellan, Alabama. Don't remember be made to wear lipstick. I didn't even wear makeup during that time. Took too much time when I could be sleeping.
  • nancycarol Apr 7, 2012 @ 6:18 pm | delete
    Hi Linda1954, I was in from 1968 to 1972. In our basic training days, we were told we didn't have to wear "make-up," but we were expected to wear lipstick any time we were in uniform. Women who never wore lipstick had to learn how to apply it, and a lot of them hated it. But they wore it! During the years you were in, my daughter was in also. She didn't have to wear lipstick either. Just a matter of a different time! Thanks for your comment.
  • fanfreluche Feb 1, 2012 @ 3:04 pm | delete
    I have been in the Royal Canadian Air Cadets as a teen, it was very nice. We received all kind of free training and in the summer we could go to camp if we wished. I then do 1 year in the reserve working with the cadets. I just can believe "It was REQUIRED to wear lipstick"! Lol how things change.
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