EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY

There are a variety of models of instructional design. Instructional systems design is a process used to develop teaching, this approach recognizes the relationship between factors: student, instructor and materials.
One model is more generic ADDIE. This is a simple model to develop any type of training as its simplicity allows people who have no training in technology use as a guide for developing a program or course.

The ADDIE model has several advantages including:
1. a generic model is simple, can be applied to any instructional situation. However, it has advantages as well as a number of disadvantages compared to other models.
2.The ADDIE model has a chronological sequence because it has a number of phases.
3. It is also considered a closed system is inflexible and ignores considerations, philosophical, financial and institutional.

ADDIE is composed of several phases each with a myriad of tasks, such as a generic model can be changed according to the type of program to be developed. It is a model commonly used in traditional instructional design, but more in the electronic medium. The same is composed of the following phases:

Analysis

Were determined:

Characteristics of the audience
What you need to learn the hearing.
Budget available
Means of dissemination
Limitations
Deadline to implement the instruction
Activities for the achievement of the components

Design

It is done:
Setting the environment
Indication of the instructional objectives
Selection of teaching strategies
Outline of the units, lessons and modules
Design of course content

Development

It does the following:
Selects, obtains or creates the required average.
Use the web to present information
Determine the appropriate interactions
Planning activities

Implementation

Duplication and distribution of materials
It implements the course
Technical problems are solved and discussed alternate plans.

Assessment

It is done as follows:
Development of tests to measure instructional standards.
Implementation of testing and evaluation.
Planning of student assessments.
Development of formative assessments to evaluate the course.
for summative assessments to judge the effectiveness of instruction

Reference

Cookson, P. (2003). Elementos de Diseño Instruccional para el Aprendizaje
Significativo en la Educación a Distancia. Centro de Tecnología para Educación e Información. Universidad de Sonora México. Recuperado el 18 de agosto de 2004 de http://www.educadis.uson.mx/ftp/ELEMENTOS%20DEDISENO-230403.doc

Yukavetsky, G. (2003). La Elaboración de un Módulo Instruccional. Centro de
Competencias de la Comunicación. Universidad de Puerto Rico en Humacao. Recuperado el 18 de agosto de 2004 de http://www.uprh-edu/~ccc/tpverano.htm

Cognitive theories provide the basis or rationale with respect to the acquisition of knowledge and structures that should arise. Ocasio (2001) Cognitive theories focus on the mental processes of information. Cognitive theories state that the child has to relate new knowledge with those already stored in memory and you can get them back at any time due to these environmental theories and experiences take special care. Piaget (1993) creator of the Theory of Knowledge Development in his theory postulates the existence of a balance between development of knowledge and the stage where it is taking root. These stages are conducted in a systematic and consistent with the resolution that can be adapted to the environment. The adaptation occurs in two processes, which Piaget called assimilation and accumulation. Piaget (1993) argues that the concept of assimilation will provide human beings the opportunity to meet and embrace the new knowledge on those who already own, establishing an accommodation and balance between the development of knowledge and new trim schemes. Piaget presents a theory in which it directs its efforts on new knowledge, to induce them to work in new situations. In theory, Piaget provides several stages. The first is the sensorimotor development in this stage knowledge is organized in direct action, leaving out the symbolism and representation. In another stage, the preoperational knowledge is supported by symbols, images, language and basic metals.
Jerome Bruner was another cognitive theorists. Bruner (1960) argues that for successful learning requires that teachers encourage students to discover for themselves the specific structure of knowledge and relationships that exist within it. Bruner (1960) notes that learning is an active process in which students are constructing new ideas or concepts based on their prior knowledge or current. Another theorist of the impact on education is Vygotskii, his theories of cognitive development attracted much attention. Cognitive development for Vygotskii and colleagues is based on the social and cultural contexts. Vygotskii postulates suggest that higher cognitive skills to be mastered within a culture are acquired through a collaborative effort to support those who learn.
The cognitive development exhibited by the three theorists state that learning is built. Another important point is to determine where the individual is cognitively and then expose them to new experiences. These experiences should be influenced by the environment in which the learner interacts.
Humanistic learning theories state that the main focus is the student with their needs and experiences. Abraham Maslow (1983) provides in theory called hierarchy of needs, that human beings have needs and as the meet goes looking to achieve more complex. In addition, Carl Rogers is another outstanding exponent of humanistic theory of personality developed a theory focusing on self-concept as the core of personality. Roger (quoted in Acosta, 2002) argued that the core of human being consists of positive pulses, healthy and constructive manifested since birth.

R. E. Stake the evaluation model developed in response to the problems and real issues that affect students and teachers when they develop an educational program determined. It is an evaluation model focused on the subject: the respondent assessor to what different audiences want to know, and negotiates with the subject what to do.
Stake's model, also known as the model of "figure" for the two arrays of data which can obtain descriptions and judgments, according to the scheme proposed by the author for the collection of information. This model provides immediate answers for decision making and formal evaluation. Its purpose is scientific and reliable.

Purpose of the model
Describe and assess educational programs grounded in the formal processes of the investigation.
Specify the activities that will emphasize values.

This model is organized into three types of information
Background = any condition that exists prior to teaching.
= Interactions or transactions for students with materials and school environment.
Products or results = what you get from the program.

Aspects required to carry out this model

Specify the goals.
objective type examinations.
Oral reports.
Monitor.
Or batteries of tests.
Course Handbooks.
Or final report of investigation.

Advantages of the model
Provides targets for teachers, students and other personnel involved in the process.
Set the difference between standards of absolute and relative judgments.
Da emphasis on formal assessment.

Disadvantages of the model
Requires special skills to identify contingencies and then the congruences between transactional history and products.
Requires great dedication of the reviewers.
Must be used by specialists.